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Delve into the intricate world of human anatomy and physiology to unravel the profound connection between structure and function. This introduction covers key concepts such as gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, physiological functions, and anatomical organization, guiding you from the molecular level to the organism level. Discover the 11 major organ systems and learn about homeostasis mechanisms that maintain internal stability. Get acquainted with anatomical positions, regions, and directional terms to navigate the human body effectively.
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Introduction • Anatomy and Physiology show the relationship between structure and function
Introduction • Key to learning anatomy is understanding function
Introduction • For example: • Left side of heart is larger than right. • Why is that?
Gross Anatomy • Structures large enough that one can see with the unaided eye
Gross Anatomy • Surface Anatomy • Regional Anatomy • Systemic Anatomy • Developmental Anatomy
Surface Anatomy • Study of superficial markings For example: Elbow- olecrenon process
Regional Anatomy • The study of specific areas of the body
Systemic Anatomy • Study of specific organ systems • 11 systems
Developmental Anatomy • The study of how anatomical structures change throughout the course of development
11 Systems • Integumentary* • Nervous* • Skeletal* • Endocrine • Muscular* • Cardiovascular • Lymphatic • Urinary • Respiratory • Reproductive • Digestive
Microscopic Anatomy • Involves studying anatomical structures that cannot be seen with the unaided eye
Microscopic Anatomy • Cytology • Histology
Cytology • Study of cells
Histology • Study of tissue
Physiology-Function • Cell Physiology • Special Physiology • Systemic Physiology • Pathological Physiology
Cell Physiology • Study of cells
Special Physiology • Study of specific organs
Systemic Physiology • Study of specific systems
Pathological Physiology • Study of how disease effects organs or organ systems
Anatomical Organization • We will start from the smallest and finish with the largest
1. Chemical or Molecular Level • Atoms form molecules
2. Cellular Level • Smallest living units in organisms • In fact some organisms are made up of a single cell • Cells contain organelles • Each organelle has a function
3. Tissue level • Different groups of cells that perform a function
4. Organ Level • Different types of tissues that perform a function
5. Organ System Level • Consists of different organs working together
Organism Level • All systems working together (humans)
Homeostasis • Stability
Homeostasis • Our body has developed ways that make sure that our body adjusts to changing conditions
Homeostasis • Our body does this via two methods
1. Autoregulation • This occurs when our body adjusts itself to a changing environmental condition
1. Autoregulation • Example: High altitudes have less O2 • Blood produces more hemoglobin
2. Extrinsic Regulation • This is when the nervous and endocrine system acts on other systems
Negative Feedback • The effector decreases the change the receptor noted
Positive Feedback • The effector increases the change the receptor noted
Anatomical Position • Supine • Prone
Abdominopelvic quadrants • 4 • Intersect at the navel
Abdominopelvic quadrants • RUQ Right upper quadrant • LUQ Left upper quadrant • RLQ Right lower quadrant • LLQ Left lower quadrant
Abdominopelvic Region • More specific • 9
Abdominopelvic Region • Right hypochondriac • Left hypochondriac • Right lumbar • Left lumbar • Right inguinal • Left inguinal • Epigastric • Umbilical • Hypogastric (pubic)
Terms • Anterior or Ventral
Terms • Posterior or dorsal
Terms • Cranial - head
Terms • Caudal - tail
Terms • Superior – higher level
Terms • Inferior – lower level
Terms • Proximal – away from fingers and toes
Terms • Distal – toward fingers and toes
