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Introduction to the Human Body

Introduction to the Human Body. Introduction. Anatomy and Physiology show the relationship between structure and function. Introduction. Key to learning anatomy is understanding function. Introduction. For example: Left side of heart is larger than right. Why is that?. Gross Anatomy.

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Introduction to the Human Body

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  1. Introduction to the Human Body

  2. Introduction • Anatomy and Physiology show the relationship between structure and function

  3. Introduction • Key to learning anatomy is understanding function

  4. Introduction • For example: • Left side of heart is larger than right. • Why is that?

  5. Gross Anatomy • Structures large enough that one can see with the unaided eye

  6. Gross Anatomy • Surface Anatomy • Regional Anatomy • Systemic Anatomy • Developmental Anatomy

  7. Surface Anatomy • Study of superficial markings For example: Elbow- olecrenon process

  8. Regional Anatomy • The study of specific areas of the body

  9. Systemic Anatomy • Study of specific organ systems • 11 systems

  10. Developmental Anatomy • The study of how anatomical structures change throughout the course of development

  11. 11 Systems • Integumentary* • Nervous* • Skeletal* • Endocrine • Muscular* • Cardiovascular • Lymphatic • Urinary • Respiratory • Reproductive • Digestive

  12. Microscopic Anatomy • Involves studying anatomical structures that cannot be seen with the unaided eye

  13. Microscopic Anatomy • Cytology • Histology

  14. Cytology • Study of cells

  15. Histology • Study of tissue

  16. Physiology-Function • Cell Physiology • Special Physiology • Systemic Physiology • Pathological Physiology

  17. Cell Physiology • Study of cells

  18. Special Physiology • Study of specific organs

  19. Systemic Physiology • Study of specific systems

  20. Pathological Physiology • Study of how disease effects organs or organ systems

  21. Anatomical Organization • We will start from the smallest and finish with the largest

  22. 1. Chemical or Molecular Level • Atoms form molecules

  23. 2. Cellular Level • Smallest living units in organisms • In fact some organisms are made up of a single cell • Cells contain organelles • Each organelle has a function

  24. 3. Tissue level • Different groups of cells that perform a function

  25. 4. Organ Level • Different types of tissues that perform a function

  26. 5. Organ System Level • Consists of different organs working together

  27. Organism Level • All systems working together (humans)

  28. Homeostasis • Stability

  29. Homeostasis • Our body has developed ways that make sure that our body adjusts to changing conditions

  30. Homeostasis • Our body does this via two methods

  31. 1. Autoregulation • This occurs when our body adjusts itself to a changing environmental condition

  32. 1. Autoregulation • Example: High altitudes have less O2 • Blood produces more hemoglobin

  33. 2. Extrinsic Regulation • This is when the nervous and endocrine system acts on other systems

  34. Negative Feedback • The effector decreases the change the receptor noted

  35. Positive Feedback • The effector increases the change the receptor noted

  36. Anatomical Position • Supine • Prone

  37. Abdominopelvic quadrants • 4 • Intersect at the navel

  38. Abdominopelvic quadrants • RUQ Right upper quadrant • LUQ Left upper quadrant • RLQ Right lower quadrant • LLQ Left lower quadrant

  39. Abdominopelvic Region • More specific • 9

  40. Abdominopelvic Region • Right hypochondriac • Left hypochondriac • Right lumbar • Left lumbar • Right inguinal • Left inguinal • Epigastric • Umbilical • Hypogastric (pubic)

  41. Terms • Anterior or Ventral

  42. Terms • Posterior or dorsal

  43. Terms • Cranial - head

  44. Terms • Caudal - tail

  45. Terms • Superior – higher level

  46. Terms • Inferior – lower level

  47. Terms • Proximal – away from fingers and toes

  48. Terms • Distal – toward fingers and toes

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