Introduction to Human Body

1. Introduction to Human Body Chapter 35

2. Background Vocabulary • Anatomy- Study of Structure • Physiology- Study of the body’s functions • Cytology- Study of the formation, structure, and function of cells • Histology- Study of tissues

3. Tissue: Groups of cells with a common structure and function • Organ: Collection of tissues that work together to perform a particular function • Organ system: Groups of organs that function together to carry out a major activity of the body

4. Levels of organization Atom- Molecule- Macromolecule- organelle oxygen- water- protein- mitochondria Cell- tissue- organ- organ system- organism Animal- muscular- heart- circulatory- human

5. Characteristics of life (Chapter 1) • Are highly organized and contain complex substances • Are made of cells • Use energy • Have a definite form and limited size

6. Characteristics (continued…) • Have a limited life span • Grow • Respond to change in the environment • Reproduce • Evolve (as a group not as an individual)

8. Life processes Nutrition – digest and use nutrients Transport – w/in cells and between cells Respire – cellular and external, release energy Synthesis – proteins, DNA, and metabolism Growth – increase in size Excretion – getting rid of waste Regulation – homeostasis, a body in balance

9. Tissue 1. Epithelial Covering, lining, glandular tissues

10. 2. Connective Protect, support, bind

11. 3. Muscular Movement, support, heat

12. 4. Nervous Control

14. 11 Organ Systems Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Digestive Urinary Reproductive Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Nervous

15. Integumentary Structures: skin and structures derived from it hair, nails, sebaceous (oil) glands, and sudoriferous (sweat) glands. Functions: Regulate body temperature, protect underlying tissue, eliminate waste, sense Senses: Temperature, pressure, pain, touch

17. Skeletal Structure: All the bones of the body including associated cartilage’s and joints. Functions: Support and protect the body, produce blood cells, and store minerals.

18. Muscular Structures: All muscles of the body including skeletal, smooth, and cardiac Functions: Movement, posture, heat.

19. Digestive Structures: The organs of the alimentary canal and organs associated with it. Functions: Physical and chemical breakdown of food, and elimination of solid food waste.

20. Urinary Structure: Organs which produce, collect , and eliminate urine. Functions: Regulate the chemistry of the blood, eliminate liquid waste, regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, regulate the pH of the body.

22. Reproductive Structures: Organs which produce, transport, and store sex cells. Functions: Continuation of the individuals genes and the species.

23. Endocrine Structures: All glands which produce hormones. Functions: Regulate body activities

24. Cardiovascular Structures: blood, heart, and blood vessels. Functions: Distribute oxygen and nutrients, carry away carbon dioxide and waste, maintain pH, protect against disease, and regulate temperature.

26. Lymphatic Structures: Lymph, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, lymph glands (spleen, thymus, tonsils) Functions: Return proteins to the blood, filter blood, process blood cells, protect against disease.

28. Respiratory Structures: Lungs and passageways into and out of them. Functions: Supply oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide from the tissues.

29. Nervous Structures: Brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous organs. Functions: Regulate body activities and respond to the environment.

30. Our First System: Integumentary

31. Structures

32. Functions

33. Epidermis • 4 layers everywhere except palms and soles • Palms and soles have 5 layers • It takes 27 days on average for a cell to form in the basale layer, move to the corneum and be sloughed off • You lose 9g of skin each day

37. Skin Color • Caucasians • Basale, spinosum, and granulosum contain melanin (produced by melanocytes) • pink color due to blood in the Dermis layer • Darker Skin • Have melanin produce in all cell layers, evenly • Asians • Melanin and carotene in the corneum layer

40. More to the Epidermis! • Touch Receptors – Merkel’s disk • Light touch and pressure • Free nerve endings • Touch, pressure, temperature, pain

41. Dermis • Connective tissue- contains blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles. • Papillary region: • Meissners corpuscles = light touch • Pacinian corpuscles = vibration and pressure • Ruffini’s corpuscles = continuous touch and pressure • All three of these receptors can send pain signals!!!

43. Reticular Region • Adipose tissue = fat • Sudoriferous glands = sweat • Sebaceous glands = sebum (oil)

44. 3 4. Pore (sweat) 5. Stratum corneum 2 7. Sebaceous gland 8. 1 9. Sudoriferous gland 6. Nerve (not shown on this picture)

45. Hair • Protection from sun, dust, wind • An individual hair will grow 2-6 years then fall out • Hair is dead and filled with keratin • Turning gray is a loss of this pigment • Growth varies: Typically .3 mm/day • Does not grow continuously

48. Sebaceous glands • Release sebum to lubricate and moisten hair and keep the skin moist, soft, and pliable • Muscle- arrectorpili produces goose bumps (vestigial structure) • Cold • Fear

49. Sudoriferous Glands- Sweat glands • Eccrine – originally found only in foot cells, but now cool the entire body • Sweat – water, salt, and urea (urine) • Apocrine – cover the fetus, but lost after 5 mos., stay in the armpit, pubic area, navel, nipples, and ears • Active at puberty • Oil and protein