Introduction to the HUMAN BODY

1. Introduction to the HUMAN BODY Basic Plan

2. Anatomy and Physiology Defined Anatomy - Study of structure and the relationships among structures Subdivisions of Anatomy include: surface, gross, systemic and regional anatomy Physiology- deals with how body parts function (fxn) (the structure of a part determines its fxn) Examples include…

3. Basic Anatomical Terminology Body Positions (there are 2) 1. Anatomical Position - Subject stands erect facing the observer, the upper extremities are placed at the sides, the palms of the hands are turned forward, and the feet are flat on the floor

4. Basic Anatomical Terminology 2. Reclining Position - Face down = prone position Face up = supine position Regional Names Given to specific regions of the body for reference Examples include:

5. Planes and Sections Imaginary flat surfaces that are used to divide the body or organs into definite areas Flat surfaces resulting from cuts through body structures (horizontal) (medial)

6. Body Planes • Sagittal– divides the body into right and left parts • Midsagittal – sagittal plane that lies on the midline (equal halves) • Parasagittal - sagittal plane that divides unequally • Frontal or Coronal – divides the body into anterior and posterior parts • Transverse or horizontal (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts

7. Directional Terms

8. Directional Terms

9. Regional Terms • Axial – head, neck, and trunk • Appendicular – appendages or limbs • Specific regional terminology

10. Regional Terms

11. Type of Vertebrae p. 168 • Superior • Cervical - neck 7 (breakfast; Cereal) • Thoracic - chest,ribs 12 (lunch; Turkey) • Lumbar – Low back 5 (dinner; Lasagna) • Sacral – between hips • Coccygeal/coccyx – tailbone • Inferior 9 Snack of Chocolate

12. Body Cavities Spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs Dorsal = cranial & vertebral cavities Ventral= thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities (separated by the diaphragm)

13. Body Cavities

14. Body Cavities • Thoracic cavity is subdivided into pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity • Pleural cavities – each houses a lung • Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity, and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs • Pericardial – encloses the heart

15. Body Cavities • The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragm • It is composed of two subdivisions • Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs • Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

17. Abdominopelvic Regions & Quadrants There are 9 RUQ LUQ RLQ LLQ

18. Abdominopelvic Cavity • Single largest cavity • Large # of organs, therefore, it needs to be further divided to pinpoint organs, pain, etc. • Draw/label the diagram on your handout • Dot in the middle of the small intestines make a transverse and sagittal cut through dot to divide the abdominopelvic cavity • Shade in / label the appendix • Label the parts of the large intestine -descending -ascending Colon -transverse

19. Levels of Organization Structural organization • Chemical Level – includes atoms Such as: C, H, O, N, Ca, K, & Na (essential for maintaining life) 2. Cellular Level – includes… cells - the basic structural & functional living units of an organism

20. Levels of Organization 3. Tissue Level - Groups of similar cells that perform specialized fxn’s (there are 4 types) epithelial, muscle, connective, and nervous Any guesses? 4. Organ Level - Groups of 2 or more different types of tissues and have specific fxn’s 5. System Level - Consists of related organs that have a common fxn 6. Organismic Level - All body systems functioning together

21. Levels of Organization • Tissue • Epithelial • Connective • Muscle • Nerve This tissue forms the outer layer of skin, covers organs, lines cavities, and forms tubes, ducts, and portions of certain glands; responsible for protection, absorption, secretion, and excretion.

22. Levels of Organization • Tissue • Epithelial • Connective • Muscle • Nerve Is the most abundant of tissue and is responsible for supporting organs of the body, providing sheaths for muscles, and connecting muscle to bones and bones to joints.

23. Levels of Organization • Tissue • Epithelial • Connective • Muscle • Nerve • Consists of three different types of tissue: • Voluntary or striated; skeletal • Cardiac • Involuntary or smooth

24. Levels of Organization • Tissue • Epithelial • Connective • Muscle • Nerve Consists of nerve cells and interstitial tissue. It has the properties of excitability and conductivity, and functions to control and coordinate the activities of the body.

25. There are 11 human body systems: Characteristics of the Living Human Organism Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, urinary, digestive, and reproductive (What sets us apart from a rock) 1.Metabolism – sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body…including catabolism and anabolism 2. Responsiveness / Excitability – ability to detect and respond to changes in the external or internal environment (ex. change in temp., change in pressure, change in pH, etc.) 3. Movement- motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, or even organelles inside cells

26. Characteristics of the Living Human Organism (cont.) 4. Growth – increase in size and complexity, due to an increase in… The number of cells, size of cells or both 5. Differentiation– change in a cell from an unspecialized state to a specialized state 6. Reproduction – either new cells formation for growth, repair, or replacement, or the production of a new individual Homeostasis is… A dynamic process that keeps the internal conditions of the body in balance within narrow ranges. Equilibrium in the body’s internal environment

27. Body Fluids THINK HIGHWAYS Intracellular Fluid - Fluid inside body cells Extracellular Fluid (ECF)- Fluid outside body cells found in 2 main places 1. Filling narrow spaces between cells…called interstitial fluid, or more commonly intercellular fluid 2. In blood vessels & known as plasma ECF is known as the body’s internal environment

28. Classification of Disease • Congenital • Immunological • Metabolic • Neoplastic

29. Congenital • Disease arises before birth • Genetic code is altered by wither genes or disease causing agent (across placenta) • Ex.: Down’s Syndrome, Tay-Sach’s, Congenital heart disease

30. Immunological • Reaction by body to an invasion by foreign substances. • Use of white blood cells (fight infection; create antibodies) • Body usually responds by inflammation (causes sore throat, pain from swollen tissue, coughing) • Foreign substances: bacteria, viruses, fungi, &/or protozoa • Ex.: allergies, common cold, HIV, pneumonia

31. Metabolic • Disease that affects metabolism directly (all diseases can eventually affect metabolism ) • No energy is made… other systems start to fail • Ex.: Diabetes, physical injury (trauma) which results in fluid loss that upsets metabolic balance between cells.

32. Neoplastic • Normal cells growth and reproduction become abnormal because cells develop lesions (tumor) • Threatens the normal activities of tissues and organs. • Ex. Melanoma, carcinoma, sarcoma (cancers)

33. Metabolism A broad term used for all the chemical reactions that occur within cells of the body Catabolism - breaking down substances into simpler components for the release of energy Anabolism – synthesizing more complex substances or structures from simpler substances; process of growth and repair. • Dehydration Synthesis: Anabolism (builds up) • Small organic molecules are joined to form a macromolecule and a water molecule is given off. • Hydrolysis: Catabolism (breaks down) • Macromolecules are broken down into small organic molecules by the addition of water.

34. Metabolism • The substances being metabolized are • Macromolecules/Organic Compounds • Name Building Blocks_____ • Carbohydrates monosaccharides • Lipids 1 glycerol & 3 fatty acids • Proteins amino acids • Nucleic Acids nucleotides • (DNA & RNA)

35. Homeostasis • Homeostasis is the ability of the body to maintain a relatively stable internal environment • The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium [internal conditions vary, but within relatively narrow limits (ranges)] • A wide variety of chemical, thermal, and neural factors act and interact in complex ways to maintain homeostasis

36. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms • Normal (Variable) – the factor or event being regulated • Receptor monitors the environment and responds to changes (stimuli) • Control center determines the set point at which the variable is maintained • Effector provides the means to respond to the stimulus

37. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

38. Negative Feedback • In negative feedback systems, the output “turns down” or “shuts off” the original stimulus • Example: Regulation of blood glucose levels

39. Positive Feedback • In positive feedback systems, the output enhances or “turns up” the original stimulus • Examples: Regulation of blood clotting, Uterine contractions during labor.

40. Medical Imaging Allows physicians to peer inside the body to provide clues to abnormal anatomy and deviations from normal physiology in order to help diagnose disease Examples????? Conventional Radiography (X-Ray)

41. Medical Imaging Computed Tomography (CT) Scanning formerly called Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) Scanning Ultrasound

42. Medical Imaging Anterior Posterior Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) What happened here?

43. Medical Imaging Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

44. Body Systems Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, urinary, digestive, and reproductive (* denotes systems covered in class in detail) *Integumentary System • Contains the skin and the structures found within • Regulates body temp, protects the body, excretes some waste, helps produce vit D *Skeletal System • Bones, cartilage, & joints • Protects, supports, & assists in movement • Helps w/blood cell formation & storage of vitamins & lipids

45. *Muscular System • Mainly skeletal (attached to bones) • Also including smooth & cardiac • Powers body movements & stabilizes body *Cardiovascular System • Blood, heart, & blood vessels • Transports O2 & CO2 • Helps regulate body temp • Prevents hemorrhaging Lymphatic System • Lymph, lymphatic vessels, spleen, lymph nodes, & tonsils • Returns proteins & plasma to cardio system • Transports fats from GI tract to cardio system • Raises white blood cells • Produces antibodies

46. Nervous System • Brain, spinal cord, nerves, eyes, ears • Detects, interprets, & responds to environmental changes by inducing muscular contractions &/or glandular secretions Endocrine System • Pituitary & thyroid glands, pancreas • Regulates body activities via hormones *Respiratory System • Lungs & the leading passageways • Supplies O2 • Eliminates CO2 • Helps w/vocal sounds *Digestive System • GI tract & associated organs (salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, & pancreas) • Performs breakdown of food • Helps eliminate wastes

47. *Urinary/Excretory System • Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, & urethra • Produces, stores, & eliminates urine *Reproductive System • Uterine (Fallopian) tubes & uterus in females • Epididymis, ductus (vas) deferens, & penis in males • Each produces gametes which can unite to form a new organism THE END