An Introduction to the Human Body

1. An Introduction to the Human Body Chapter 1

2. Anatomy • Study of structure or morphology • Study of relationships among structures • Derived from the Greek words • Anatome – to dissect • Ana – apart • Tomy - cut

3. Sub-divisions of Anatomy • Gross Anatomy (macroscopic) • Study of large body parts (muscles, bones and internal organs)

4. Sub-divisions of Anatomy • Histology (microscopic) • Study of cells and tissues requiring the use of a microscope

5. Physiology • The study of functions of body parts (what they do) and how they work • Physio – working • Ology - study

6. Sub-divisions of Physiology • Neurophysiology - brain and nervous tissue • Cardiac physiology – heart • Respiratory – lungs, trachea, bronchii • Reproductive – reproductive organs • Renal – kidneys, bladder, ureters • Endocrine – hormone producing glands

7. Levels of Structural Organization • Atoms • Molecules • Organelles • Cells • Tissues • Organs • Systems • Organism

8. Atoms • Building blocks of all matter • Atoms important to life: • Carbon • Oxygen • Hydrogen • Nitrogen • Phosphorus • Sulfur • Potassium • Calcium • Iron

9. Levels of Structural Organization • Molecules • Chemical combinations of 2 or more atoms • Examples of important molecules for life • Proteins • Carbohydrates • Fats • Nucleic acids • Vitamins

10. Molecules DNANA

11. Levels of Structural OrganizationOrganelles are specialized structures within cells

12. Levels of Structural OrganizationCell • Cells are the basic structural units of life • Different cells have different structures • They perform different functions • Specialized structures within cells are organelles

13. Levels of Structural Organization • Tissues • Four basic types of tissues • Epithelial • Muscle • Connective • Nervous • Each cell within a tissue has a specific funtion • For example, parietal cells in the stomach epithelium produce HCl, goblet cells produce mucous and chief cells produce a digestive enzyme called pepsin

14. Levels of Structural Organization

15. Epithelial Tissue

16. Muscle Tissue

17. Connective Tissue

18. Nervous Tissue

19. Organs • Structures composed of two or more tissue types • Have specific functions in the body • Have specific and recognizable shapes • Examples: heart, lungs, brain, kidneys, liver, stomach, spleen

20. Organ Systems • Several organs working together for a common purpose • Example: digestive system includes many organs such as stomach, liver, etc.. Ecah with its own function

21. Characteristics of Life

22. Characteristics of Life • Movement • Responsiveness • Growth • Reproduction • Respiration • Digestion • Absorption • Circulation • Assimilation • Excretion

23. Characteristics of Life • Movement • Ability to propel oneself • Manipulates external environment • Occurs voluntarily by allowing movement of body fluids throughout the body

24. Characteristics of Life • Responsiveness • Ability to respond to stimuli • Examples: organism moves away from danger or moves toward prey

25. Characteristics of Life • Growth • Increases in size, volume and number of cells • Cell construction must exceed cell destruction

26. Characteristics of Life • Reproduction (sexual or asexual) • Give rise to a progeny/off spring/ new organism • Cells must be able to reproduce to aid body in growth and repair

27. Characteristics of Life • Respiration • Process of making ATP (energy) through the metabolism of nutrients • Oxygen is taken up • Carbon dioxide is released

28. Characteristics of Life • Digestion • Enables body to break down foods into simpler forms to be absorbed into blood for delivery to cells

29. Characteristics of Life • Absorption • Passage of digested materials into blood stream, through membranes of the digestive tract.

30. Characteristics of Life • Circulation • Movement of substances throughout the body • Substances travel via blood, lymph and other body fluids

31. Characteristics of Life • Assimilation • Includes breaking down complex to simple • Involves the digestive, respiratory, circulatory and lymphatic system

32. Characteristics of Life • Excretion • Removal of wastes after digestion and metabolism • Examples: CO2, fecal matter, urine,

33. Maintenance of Life

34. Survival Needs of an Organism • Nutrients • Carbohydrates • Proteins • Fats • Vitamins

35. Survival Needs of an Organism • Oxygen • Used for metabolism and other chemical reactions • 20% of the air we breathe • Water • 60 – 80% of body weight • Most abundant chemical substance in body – must be regulated

36. Survival Needs of an Organism • Body Temperature • 37° C or 98.6° F • As body temperature drops, so does metabolic rate (but if outside temperature drops, body up regulates metabolism to produce more heat) • Atmospheric Pressure • External force of the atmosphere on the body

37. Homeostasis • The body’s ability to maintain a constant and stable internal environment • Sweating when hot • Insulin when blood sugar is high/glucagon when it is low • Kidneys maintain water levels in body

39. Body Systems

40. Body Systems • Integumentary • Skeletal • Muscular • Nervous • Endocrine • Cardiovascular • Lymphatic and Immune • Respiratory • Digestive • Urinary • Reproductive

41. Integumentary • Skin and structures such as hair, nails, and sweat and oil glands • Functions: • Maintenance of body temperature • Protection • Elimination of some wastes • Production of vitamin D • Stimuli receptor

42. Skeletal • All bones, associated cartilage, ligaments and joints • Functions: • Support • Protection • Movement • Blood cell production (hemopoiesis) • Mineral storage

43. Muscular • Skeletal muscle tissue • Functions: • Movement • Maintains body posture • Produces heat

44. Nervous • Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors • Functions: • Body control by: • Detecting nerve impulses (action potential) • Interpreting changes • Acting upon changes

45. Endocrine • Includes all hormone producing glands, such as pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, ovaries, testes, etc. • Functions: • Controls body activities through the release of hormones into blood stream – these hormones target distant cells

46. Cardiovascular • Blood, heart, and blood vessels • Functions: • Distributes oxygen and nutrients to cells • Carries CO2 and wastes away from cells • Helps maintain acid-base balance • Protects against disease • Clot formation • Regulates body temperature

47. Lymphatic and Immune • Lymph, lymphatic vessels, and structure such as lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, thymus gland • Functions: • Filter body fluids (interstitial) • Help protect against disease

48. Respiratory • Lungs and other passageways • Functions: • Supplies O2 • Eliminates CO2 • Helps regulate acid-base balance • Produces vocal sounds

49. Digestive • Associated organs: salivary glands, liver, pancreas, and G.I tract • Functions: • Physical and chemical breakdown of foods • Absorption of nutrients • Eliminates solid materials

50. Urinary • Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra • Functions: • Regulates volume and chemical composition of blood • Eliminates wastes • Regulated fluid and electrolyte balance • Regulates acid-base and calcium balance • Regulates red blood cell production (hormone- erythropoietin)