Technologies for CCS on Natural Gas Power Systems

1. Technologies for CCS on Natural Gas Power Systems Satish Reddy April 2104

2. Presentation Focus • This presentation focuses on: • Solvent based Carbon Capture from Natural Gas based power plants • Commercial and demonstration experience • Energy consumption minimization • Environmental impact

3. Introduction • There are several technologies available for solvent based Carbon Capture • To name a few: • Alstom • Aker Solutions • Cansolv • Fluor • MHI • Siemens • Few of these companies have demonstrated on natural gas power systems

4. Fluor’s Econamine FG+SM Experience

5. CO2 Capture Experience • Fluor has several decades of experience in CO2 projects and facilities, including: • Capture • Pre- and post-combustion including Fluor's Econamine FG+ technology • Gas processing: Removal of CO2 from synthesis gas & natural gas; over 400 units • Transport • Pipelines, piping systems, compression and pumping • Drying

6. Fluor’s Econamine FG+SM Experience • One of the most proven post-combustion CO2 capture process available: • Vast body of commercial experience • 28 plants to date • Fluor has been active in post-combustion capture since the late 1980s • Suitable for a range of O2 and CO2 containing gas streams • CO2 : 3% to 20% by volume • O2 : 1 to 15% by volume

7. Fluor’s Econamine FG+SM Experience • Commercially proven on gas • Bellingham NGCC Power Plant • Several Gas Engines in Power Generation • Demonstrated on coal • Wilhelmshaven Econamine FG+ Demonstration Plant • Commercially proven on low-grade fuel oil

8. Commercial Experience on Gas Turbine Exhaust

9. Project Profile: Bellingham, MA Capacity 360 tons/d 40 MW flue gas flow from NGCC power plant CO2 Concentration: 3.5% v/v O2 Concentration: 13 to 14% v/v 100% air cooled Product Usage: Food-grade CO2 Continuous commercial operation from 1991 to 2005 (14 years) 98.5% on-stream factor in 2004 Shutdown due to high natural gas price

10. History of EFG+ - Bellingham Plant Aerial View Ground View

11. Challenges and Mitigation Strategies

12. Column Scale-up Columns of 20 m or 60 ft are not common Proper gas and liquid distribution At the same time, pressure drop needs to minimized

13. Large Column Example Fluor’s DGA Plant in Ulthamaniyah, Saudi Arabia Absorber with large diameter

14. Large Column Example 14 Large diameter vacuum column being delivered to a Fluor in the USA.

15. Column Scale-up

16. Column Scale-up • Mitigation Strategies • Build absorption system in multiple trains: Downside is higher CAPEX • Conduct CFD analysis and use proven scale-up measures • Learn from other applications where large columns have been deployed

17. Energy Consumption • Typical electric load for a NGCC capture unit: • Capture 35% • Compression 65% • Compression is a mature technology. • Efficiency is very high: Approximately 85% to 88% • Not much room for improvement • Room for improvement in capture energy consumption • Steam demand is between 2.6 to 2.8 GJ/t • Many claims of lower steam demand have not been substantiated

18. Emissions • Typical emissions include the following species: • Ammonia • VOCs • Solvent vapor • With some processes: nitrosamines • Measurement techniques including online analyses have considerably improved

19. Summary It is time for large scale natural gas based demo plants to be built in the US Useful demonstration scale is 200 to 250 MW Proven solvents should be considered instead of “chasing the rainbow” There is much more to building a robust and energy efficient plant that just pure chemistry Systematic quantification of environmental performance is required.

20. Questions