European Exploration

1. European Exploration

2. Earlier Explorers • Marco Polo • his journey through Asia lasted 24 years • he became a favorite of Kublai Khan • Polo traveled all through China and returned to tell the tale, which became the greatest story • Zheng He • he sailed from China to many places in seven voyages from 1405 to 1433, • each expedition was an enormous undertaking. • also included at times were Muslim religious leaders and Buddhist monks

3. Marco Polo Zheng He

5. Motives for Exploration • curiosity • refugees & missionaries • $$$$$ • technology-abled • fame and fortune • adventure

7. The Portuguese Connection • Prince Henry, the Navigator - established a school for sailors - focused on navigation, mapmaking, and shipbuilding - enabled sailors to better guide their ships and to come up with new ship designs

8. Map of African coast discovered by expeditions sponsored by Prince Henry Courtesy of: http://library.thinkquest.org/J002678F/prince_henry_the_navigator.htm

9. Portuguese Explorers • Bartolomeo Dias – explored Africa’s coasts • Vasco da Gama – discovered ocean route to Indian Ocean • Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque – sailed to the Spice Islands (Moluccas)

10. Christopher Columbus

11. Columbus’ Voyages • led the way for exploration, exploitation, and colonization of the Americas • He is normally referred to as the “discoverer” of the New World • Columbus is considered most important

12. Other Voyages of Exploration

13. Ferdinand Magellan – led the first expedition that sailed around the globe Other Explorers

15. Amerigo Vespucci Columbus may have found the New World, but Vespucci was the one who realized that it was indeed a New World So, how did we get our name? Did Vespucci name it after himself?

17. PIRATES Dead Men Tell No Tales! • Courtesy of Kimberley Warrick

18. The Golden Age of Piracy • Mid 18th century to early 19th century • Many were not villainous • There were, however, several who were cutthroat, vile, greedy, horrible people!

19. The Infamous Pirate Hangouts ~ Port Royal and Tortuga • The buccaneers helped England secure Jamaica as it’s own, about 1662. • The first governor was empowered to issue privateering commissions • this place became known as the “wickedest city in the world.”

20. Port Royal and Tortuga • Tortuga was uninhabited in the 1600’s, but Spain claimed ownership since it was near Hispaniola (Haiti). • In 1630, some English buccaneers settled this place • This little island became the scene of the most drunken and depraved behavior known at the time. And the pirates loved it!

21. Tortuga

22. Famous Pirates • Blackbeard • Calico Jack • Anne Bonny • Grace O’Malley • Henry Morgan • Black Bellamy • Bartholomew Roberts

23. Female Pirates • Many women entered a life at sea for many reasons • The life of a pirate or merchantman offered a lot • Anne Bonny and Mary Read are the most infamous female pirates. They sailed with Calico Jack Rackham.

24. The Jamestown Connection • Captain Christopher Newport, commanded the ship the Susan Constant to Jamestown. • Commissioned by England to fight the Spanish • The Lost Colony (Roanoke) was supposed to be a privateering base for England.

25. The Jamestown Connection • Bartholomew Gosnold was also a privateer raiding Spanish ships for England. • formed the Virginia Company and sailed with the others to Jamestown.

26. Jefferson & the Barbary Pirates • The Barbary Coast (Northern African nations) was home to several companies of pirates. • In the 17th and 18th centuries, the British and French paid tribute to these pirates for safe passage through the Mediterranean Sea. • After the Revolution, America had to be responsible for the safety of her naval enterprises. • In 1784, Congress decided to allocate money to pay tribute to these pirates.

27. The Barbary Wars • Jefferson argued that conceding the ransom would only encourage more attacks. • The U.S. paid Algiers the ransom • 1801, Jefferson became president and stopped payments • Barbary States declared war on the United States • 1804, 1st Barbary War ended after U.S. Marines launched an attack on Tripoli and freed hostages

28. The Barbary Wars • In 1801, Jefferson became President. The Barbary States issued a demand for tribute from the new administration. • Jefferson refused; the States declared war on America. • Several frigates were sent to the North African coast on the Mediterranean Sea where they were victorious over Algiers and Tunis, seizing all the “vessels and goods” of the leaders of the States. • Tripoli continued its fight against America, and subsequently, the American navy set up and maintained a blockade of the Barbary ports and executed a campaign of raids and attacks against the city’s fleets. • In 1803, the Tripoli fleet captured the USS Philadelphia and took the captain and the crew hostage. • In February 1804, the US Marines with help from several Greek, Arab, and Berber mercenaries launched an attack on Tripoli freeing the hostages, and ending the First Barbary War.

29. A Pirate’s PowerPoint • With a partner, you will create a pirate’s powerpoint • Please sign up for your pirate so we don’t have duplicates! • The powerpoint is due at the beginning of class on Thursday – it should be absolutely no longer than 5 minutes • Please refer to your handout for specific information to include in your presentation

30. Europe and the Americas The Spanish Conquest Courtesy: Susan M. Pojer, Horace Greeley HS

31. The Aztecs vs. Moctezuma II Hernán Cortés

32. The Incas vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa

33. The “Columbian Exchange”

34. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores OfficialEuropeanColony! Missionaries PermanentSettlers

35. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

36. The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mulattos Native Indians Black Slaves

37. European Empires in the Americas

38. The Pope’s Line of Demarcation, 1493 & The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 * Spain and Portugal start to argue over who gets what land * Pope Alexander VI decides to draw an imaginary line called the Line of Demarcation * Portugal received all the land to the east of it, Spain received all the land to the west

39. The Pope’s Line of Demarcation, 1493 & The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 • Portugal is unhappy with the arrangement so Spain agrees to move the line 800 miles west (the Treaty of Tordesillas); this goes through Brazil today

40. The Pope’s Line of Demarcation, 1493 & The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494

41. New Colonial Rivals

42. New Patterns of World Trade

43. The Slave Trade • Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans • First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518 • Portuguese • sugar plantations • More than one million enslaved Africans exported to Brazil • Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas

44. Slave Ship “Middle Passage”

45. “Coffin” Position Below Deck

46. African CaptivesThrown Overboard

47. Impact of European Expansion Native populations ravaged by disease. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”]. Deepened colonial rivalries.