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ECRP Eurocores, February 21-22, 2008 Irish School of Ecumenics , Dublin

This presentation focuses on the trafficking of individuals for forced labor in industries other than the sex industry in Europe. It explores the migratory situation in the Czech Republic, reasons for migration, working and living conditions, knowledge of trends, and policy recommendations.

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ECRP Eurocores, February 21-22, 2008 Irish School of Ecumenics , Dublin

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  1. ECRP Eurocores, February 21-22, 2008 Irish School of Ecumenics, Dublin „Trafficking for forced labor in industries other than the sex industry across Europe“ Working, Living and Health Conditions - Legal and Illegal Migrant Workers,the Czech Republic Dušan DRBOHLAV and Dagmar DZÚROVÁ

  2. STRUCTURE OF THE PRESENTATION • Migratory situation in the Czech Republic • Main aims of the project • Create Data sets • Data from the Directorate of Foreign and Border Police (Foreign Police), Police database • Non-representative questionnaire surveys (own empirical research) • Analyses of basic characteristics • 1. Reasons for migration • 2. Working, living and health conditions • 3. Satisfaction with conditions

  3. Knowledge of the trendsfor forced labor, including countries of origin The Czech Republic has quickly become a country of destination and transit - inward migration changing demographic structure. New situation: in December 2007. The Czech Republic joined the „Schengen“ – no internal borders!!! • Legal migration, the Czech Republic • Illegal / Irregular migration, the Czech Republic (official numbers)

  4. Legal migration, the Czech Republic • Immigration and transit country – similar migratory patterns to western developed destination countries • Cca 400,000 immigrants – 4 % of population • Economic reasons highly dominate • Temporary/circulatory movements • Main source regions: - CEE countries (Slovakia) - Post-Soviet countries (Ukraine) - South-East Asia (Vietnam) - Poland • 3,000 of asylum applications (2006)

  5. Illegal migration, the Czech Republic (official numbers) Official numbers in 2006 (Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs): • 11,488 illegal immigrants – 38 % illegal border-crossing – 62 % violation of residence regime – Ukrainians, Vietnamese, Poles, Russians, Chinese • 3,788 immigrants in illegal or undocumentedemployment – Slovaks and Ukrainians… Estimates: • Between 40,000 -400,000 illegal immigrants (stock) • Probable main source countries - Ukraine, Vietnam, Moldavia, Russia, Belorussia

  6. Main aims of the projectQualitative (interviewS/25 in-depth) and quantitative (questionnaireS) research as well as a health perspective. The research covers origin, destination and transit aspects. • To collect own data on migrants – countries of origin, industries in which forced labor occurs etc. • To make comparison among different immigration groups • To develop frameworks for analysis of the police data – to create own regression (explanatory) models • To provide policy recommendations

  7. Basic Data Sets Official Police Data Set, CR (2005-1/2 2007) • 1. Cases of detention by immigrant officers (N=31 257) Non-representative questionnaire surveys: • 2. Respondents-Legal migrant workers (N=126) • 3. Respondents - Illegal migrant workers (N=159) • Combination - Linked file (N=285)

  8. 1. DATA SET – Official data (N=31 257) Database „Illegal entrance and stay of persons in the CR in 2005, 2006, 2007 (first half of the year)“ • A possibility to make use of official data on illegal migration of the Directorate of Foreign and Border Police • Grant project: „Trafficking for forced labor in industries other than the sex industry, the case of the Czech Republic“

  9. Main results - 1 • 31,257 persons – illegal migrants caught • 1,2 – 1,7 of migrants per one act/case • Almost 50 % of illegal migrants caught in interior (breaking a law on foreigners´ stay) • Crossing the state borders – „illegal outflow“ from the CR dominates (over inflows) • Decrease of caught foreigners over time • Some caught foreigners are those who break the law on foreignes´ stay …

  10. Main results - 2 • Citizenship • Obviously citizens of Ukraine (almost 50 %) dominate, followed by Russians, Vietnamese and Chinese (6-7%) • Citizens of the Czech Republic, Poland and Germany - smugglers! • Average age by citizenship • „Older“ Western and South Eastern Europe versus „younger“ Africa and Asia

  11. Main results - 3 • Illegal migration - regional patterns • A capital city of Prague (25 -27 % of all caught illegal migrants), • border zone of Northern and Southern Bohemia (up to 10 %) • Illegal migration by season • three most important peaks • the end of the old and very beginning of the new year - Citizens of Russia and China, citizens of the Czech Republic and Poland – winter tourist season • March/April – citizens of Ukraine, Russia, China, Moldova and Bulgaria • July/August – citizens of Germany, Poland and the Czech Republic – summer tourist season

  12. Conclusion • Changes of the regime after the accession to the EU, e.g. Dublin system • Decreasing numbers of illegal migrants over time, no „big jumps“ … • Regarding many selected migratory categories - Ukrainians clearly dominate • smugglers, repeated entrances, false documents • Younger age structure as compared to legal migrants • Illegal stays in interior (55-60 %) • Seasonal character of illegal migration

  13. Illegal migrants caught in the CR by months2005 – first half of 2007

  14. 2. DATA SET – Illegal migrant workers (N=159) Two rounds of non-representative questionnaire survey (2005, 2007) • 1st round (Prague area) - Post-Soviet irregulars (n=69) - East Asian irregulars (n=15) • 2nd round (other regions) - Post-Soviet irregulars (n=66) - Vietnamese irregulars (n=14) – Post-Soviet (n=135) - Asian (n=24)

  15. FORMS OF ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION TO THE CR

  16. REASONS FOR ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION Economic Psychological Scale: 1=absolutely unimportant reason to 5=very important reason

  17. REASONS FOR ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION BY EDUCATIONAL LEVEL Post-Soviet Vietnamese Economic Psychol. Family Economic Psychol. Family Political Environmental Political Environmental Scale: 1=absolutely unimportant reason to 5=very important reason

  18. PERCEPTION OF NEGATIVE FACTORS OF ILLEGAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES Case study: Legal vs. Illegal immigrants Workplace exploitation Very important Client system“ important phenomenon among Post-Soviet immigrants Unimportant Post-Soviet Vietnamese

  19. Case study: Legal vs. Illegal immigrants Satisfaction with accommodation Satisfaction with work Flea market Scale: 1= poor satisfaction to 5= high satisfaction

  20. Case study: Legal vs. Illegal immigrantsInequality in health/human right Scale: 1= poor satisfaction to 5= high satisfaction

  21. Case study: Legal vs. Illegalimmigrants Adj. OR of SRH

  22. CONCLUSION • Migrants´ irregular economic activities can not be neglected when evaluating the migration situation in the Czech Republic • Economic reasons dominate among immigrants, mainly among Ukrainians. On the other hand, family and psychological reasons are often important for Vietnamese • Illegal migrants perceive their situation worse than those who stay legally in the country. Accordingly, Ukrainians are heavily hit by the existing exploitative „client system“. • Results showed us that there are similar patterns of migrants´ irregular economic activities like in many other western developed countries. However, the client system seems to be rather specific and unique.

  23. The research project done for: Eurocores, GA CR CRP/06/E001 and MSM 0021620831 of the Ministry of Education, CR Thank you for your attention

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