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Explore the history, theories, and characteristics of China's outward FDI in Asia, focusing on data sources, qualifications, geographic distribution, pulling, and pushing factors. Draw conclusions on the impact and future trends of China's FDI growth.
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The Pattern and Magnitude of China’s Outward FDI in Asia Shaoming Cheng Roger Stough ICRIER Project on Intra-Asian FDI Flows New Delhi, India April 25-26, 2007
Outline • Why China’s outward FDI? • Theories on outward FDI from developing countries • History and development of China’s outward FDI • Data sources and qualifications • Characteristics and geographic distribution • Pulling and pushing factors • Conclusions
Research Background • China is known as: • Tremendous amount of FDI inflows • Top FDI destination in the world • Global manufacturing hub • But, China has not been recognized as an important FDI exporting country • By 2004, $15B cumulative outward FDI in 150 countries • In 2005 alone, $11B outward FDI
Theories • Lecraw (1977): labor-intensive tech • Wells (1983): different sources for OLI advantages • Lall (1983) and Tolentino (1993): cultural similarity • Dunning (1981, 1986): investment development path • Asset-seeking FDI: Cantwell, 1989; Dunning, 1998; Porter, 1990, 1998; Wesson, 1993
History and Development • Political opposition and emergence of China’s outward FDI • Ideological bias • Small scale of FDI • Political acceptance and early boom • Part of “economic reform” • Political enthusiasm and rapid expansion • “going abroad” strategy
Data Sources • State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE) • “Balance of payments” financial data • Aggregated • Ministry of Commence (MOFCOM) • Approved overseas investment • Disaggregated by country and industry • Focus on MOFCOM data
Data Qualifications • Approval is required or not • Approval vs. execution (when, how much…) • Initial approval vs. reinvested earnings • Non-trade FDI only • Imposed FDI patterns through the approval process • Unauthorized and illegal capital outflows • HK and Macau as “foreign” destinations
Characteristics • Rapid growth, particularly after the “going abroad” strategy in 2001 • Lack of correlation between China’s FDI outflows and GDP growth • Lack of correlation between China’s FDI outflows and FDI inflows
Pulling Factors • Resource-acquiring FDI • Natural resources and energy • ASEAN countries • Market-expanding and efficiency-improving FDI • Intertwined and complemented • Avoid trade barriers • ASEAN countries • Asset-seeking FDI • Local innovation capabilities • Korea
Pushing Factors • Increasing domestic competition, excess production capacity and sliding profit margins • Abundant foreign exchange reserves • Huge and still rising demands for natural resources • Chinese governments’ determination and associated “going abroad” policy and financial support
Conclusions • Tremendous growth • Concentration in Asia • Increasing role of Korea and Southeast Asian countries • Strong pulling and pushing factors • Continued outward FDI growth • China emerges as a large FDI sourcing country