ADVOKASI DAN PERLINDUNGAN KANAK-KANAK: BURUH KANAK-KANAK

1. FEM 4123 ADVOKASI DAN PERLINDUNGAN KANAK-KANAK:BURUH KANAK-KANAK

2. DEFINISI MENURUT CRC • Sebarang pekerjaan yang dilakukan oleh kanak-kanak dan memberi kesan berikut: • Mengganggu kesihatan/fizikal, mental, sosial, moral, keselamatan, pendidikan. • Menyebabkan kanak-kanak tidak dapat bermain atau menyertai aktiviti yang perlu untuk perkembangan fizikal dan mentalnya. • Ringkasnya, eksploitasi ekonomi.

3. SEJARAH LAMPAU • Revolusi Industri: kilang • Era Victoria: kilang, lombong, pembersih pendiang api. • Bentuk kerja: pelayan domestik, pembinaan, pelacur, kilang, lombong arang batu. • Umur: seawal 3 tahun. • Pertengahan kurun ke 18: 120,000 pelayan domestik di London. Waktu bekerja: 80 jam seminggu. • 1900: 1.7 juta buruh kanak-kanak (bawah 15 tahun) sebagai pekerja industri di USA. Naik 2 juta pada 1910.

4. SEMASA • Masih berlaku - selagi wujud kemiskinan keluarga (Basu & Van, 1998). • UNICEF: 158 juta buruh kanak-kanak (5-14 tahun) seluruh dunia – tidak termasuk pekerja domestik. • Nov 2005: Serbuan aktivis NGO India Junned Khan dengan bantuan Jabatan Buruh dan NGO Pratham berjaya membebaskan 480 burh kanak-kanak dalam industri sulaman haram.

5. BANTAHAN TERHADAP BURUH KANAK-KANAK • Kanak-kanak sepatutnya menghabiskan masa di sekolah. • Kanak-kanak terdedah kepada waktu kerja yang lama dan boleh memudaratkan kesihatan. • Melibatkan kerja paksa, eksploitasi dan ganjaran yang tidak setimpal dengan kerja yang dilakukan.

6. SENARIO BURUH KANAK-KANAK • Bekerja membantu tugas-tugas domestik keluarga atau diupah oleh orang luar. • International Labour Organization menganggarkan lebih 200 juta kanak-kanak bekerja dalam waktu kerja yang panjang dan dalam industri yang terdedah kepada risiko pencemaran tinggi.

7. SENARIO BURUH KANAK-KANAK • Buruh kanak-kanak adalah fenomena biasa di negara-negara seperti India, China, Bangladesh, Thailand dan Filipina. • Agak sukar untuk menilai fenomena ini di Malaysia kerana tidak banyak kajian sistematik dilakukan. • Namun, terdapat kajian yang menunjukkan fenomena ini turut berlaku di Malaysia.

8. KAJIAN BURUH KANAK-KANAK • WHO (1984), banyakburuhkanak-kanakmengalami : kemalanganketikabekerja, nutritional deficiencies, terdedahkepadabahantoksikdanbekerjaantara 10 jam hingga 14 jam sehari. • Kajianoleh CHILD (NGO) pada 1993 terhadappekerjaestetgetahdankelapasawit di Selangor melaporkan: • Sekurang-kurangnya 20 estet di Kuala Selangor mempunyaiburuhkanak-kanak. • 70% dibawah 14 tahun, 25% di bawah 12 tahun. • 60% daripadakanak-kanakbawah 14 tahunbekerjasepenuhmasa (9 lelaki, 8 perempuan).

9. KAJIAN BURUH KANAK-KANAK • Mary George (1992): peraturan pekerjaan dan promosi pendidikan oleh kerajaan hanya berjaya menurunkan kadar buruh kanak-kanak dan bukan membasminya. • Eng (1992): kanak-kanak 12 dan 16 tahun di Penang bekerja dalam industri makanan laut, pembuatan dan pembaik-pulihan bot, perabut, pakaian, arang batu. Gaji rendah dan keadaan tempat kerja yang buruk.

10. MENGAPA BURUH KANAK-KANAK SUKAR DIKESAN • Tinggal di kawasan pedalaman dan bekerja sebagai sebahagian daripada tenaga kerja keluarga. • Bekerja secara kasual dan bukan tetap untuk elak dikesan. • Tendensi majikan, keluarga atau kanak-kanak sendiri merahsiakannya kerana bimbang mendapat tentangan.

11. PUNCA BURUH KANAK-KANAK • FAKTOR EKONOMI. • Kemiskinan menyebabkan kanak-kanak terpaksa bekerja untuk membantu keluarga. • FAKTOR PENDIDIKAN. • Kegagalan sekolah menyediakan persekitaran yang kondusif untuk menyedarkan ibubapa dan kanak-kanak kepentingan pendidikan.

12. PUNCA BURUH KANAK-KANAK • FAKTOR KELUARGA • Kehilangan ibu bapa. • Ibu bapa kurang upaya. • Ibu bapa lanjut usia. • Ibu bapa penagih arak atau dadah. • Perpecahan keluarga. • Penderaan dalam keluarga kanak-kanak lari daripada rumah

13. PERLINDUNGAN: ANTARABANGSA • Artikel 32 Konvensyen Kanak-kanak 1989. • ILO Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) – ditubuhkkan pada 1992. • 88 negara ahli. • Rakan kongsi termasuk persatuan majikan dan pekerja, agensi kerajaan antarabangsa, pihak swasta, organisasi mewakili komuniti, NGOs, parlimen, media, kehakiman, universiti-universiti, kumpulan keagamaan, kanak-kanak dan keluarga.

14. BURUH KANAK-KANAK DAN UNDANG-UNDANG • Tiada undang-undang yang menghalang secara total buruh kanak-kanak di Malaysia. • Polisi tidak campurtangan kerajaan adalah kerana buruh kanak-kanak secara tradisi telah menjadi pola kehidupan sosial dan ekonomi. • Undang-undang menyediakan peraturan kepada pola buruh kanak-kanak sedia ada supaya sebarang penyalahgunaan dan pengeksploitan dapat dihalang.

15. BURUH KANAK-KANAK DAN UNDANG-UNDANG • Akta Kanak-kanak dan Orang Muda (Pekerjaan) 1966 hanya melindungi kanak-kanak yang bekerja daripada dieksploitasi. • Akta ini membezakan kanak-kanak dan orang muda. • Kanak-kanak – bawah 14 tahun. • Orang muda – antara 14 hingga 16 tahun.

16. BURUH KANAK-KANAK DAN UNDANG-UNDANG • Objektif: bukan mengharamkan buruh kanak-kanak tetapi ‘governs’ dan melindungi kanak-kanak yang bekerja. • Diterimapakai secara verbatim daripada undang-undang Inggeris. • Akta ini menetapkan: • Jenis pekerjaan yang dibenarkan. • Jumlah jam bekerja dan jumlah jam rehat (tidak lebih 6 hari, tidak boleh bekerja pada pukul 8 mlm hingga 7 pagi, selepas 3/4 jam mesti diberi waktu rehat.

17. Sambungan • Larangan: • Kanak-kanak dan orang muda dilarang keras bekerja berdekatan dengan mesin-mesin. • Kanak-kanak dan orang muda dilarang keras bekerja di bawah tanah. • Loopholes: • No minimum age stipulated in the Act. • No legislation to govern a minimum wage for minors who work. • No prescribed benefits stipulated in the Act.

18. Sambungan • The Employment Act 1955 and the Workmen’s Compensation Act 1952 is not legally bound to inform nor register children with PERKESO or with KWSP except in entertainment industry. • Penalties RM2000/6 months imprisonment for the first offender and RM3000/2 years imprisonment for second or subsequent offender are completely inadequate to safeguard and protect children. • Cases heard by Magistrate: limited powers to penalize.

19. RUMUSAN • Buruh kanak-kanak tidak begitu ketara di Malaysia – kurang pendedahan. • Peraturan pekerjaan dan promosi pendidikan oleh kerajaan hanya berjaya menurunkan kadar buruh kanak-kanak dan bukan membasminya

20. RUMUSAN • Polisi tidak campurtangan kerajaan adalah kerana buruh kanak-kanak secara tradisi telah menjadi pola kehidupan sosial dan ekonomi. • Undang-undang menyediakan peraturan kepada pola buruh kanak-kanak sedia ada supaya sebarang penyalahgunaan dan pengeksploitan dapat dihalang.

21. BURUH KANAK-KANAK

22. TABURAN BURUH KANAK-KANAK SELURUH DUNIA UNICEF GLOBAL DATABASES 2009

23. STATISTIK MENGIKUT KATEGORI NEGARA: UNICEF SOWC 2010 * Exclude Nigeria ** ExcludeChina *** Exclude Nigeria and China

24. STATISTIK MENGIKUT GENDER: UNICEF SOWC 2010 *Excludes Nigeria ** Excludes China *** Excludes Nigeria and China

25. ADVOKASI DAN PERLINDUNGAN kanak-kanak: PELACURAN FEM 4123

26. DEFINITIONS • CRC (Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography): The practice whereby a child is used by others for sexual activities in return for remuneration or other consideration. • Remuneration or other consideration: provided to the child or other person. • As of May 2009: 131 countries undertake to prohibit child prostitution.

27. Continue • In a nutshell: party other than the child benefits from a commercial transaction in which the child is made available for sexual purposes. • Who benefits? Either the pimp who controls or oversees the child’s activities for profit or a child abuser who negotiates an exchange directly with a child in order to receive sexual gratification • The Worst Form of Child Labour Convention 1999 of ILO provides that the use, procuring or offering of a child for prostitution is one of the worst form of child labour. • Child prostitution is the ultimate denial of the rights of the child': Dr Jon E. Rhode, UNICEF.

28. CAUSES • Forced by social structures and individual agents – adults take advantage of children’s vulnerability and sexually exploit and abuse them. • Eg: the prostitution of a child frequently follows from prior sexual abuse, often in the child’s home. • Traditional practices, beliefs and gender discremination. • Eg: Devdasi practice – young girls are given to ‘god’ and they become a religious prostitute. Banned by Prohibition of Dedication Act 1982 (5 yrs jail and Rs5000 fine).

29. Continue • Poverty and basic needs • Extra pocket money for desired consumer good otherwise out of their reach. • Subculture ‘pocket money prostitution’ in many consumer societies: girls and boys under 18 rent out their sexual services for cash or expensive gifts or to save up for cars, motorcycles even college tuition. • E.g. in Japan: Enjokosai – sponsored dating. However, this is voluntary rather than by manipulation. • Abduction • Sex tourism

30. CONTEXT • Place: particular environment such as brothels, bars and clubs or homes or particular streets and areas. • Usually in socially run down places. • Sometimes not organized but often it is. • If organized: either on a small scale through individual pimps or on a lager scale through extensive criminal networks.

31. Continue • Living and working conditions of prostituted children are frequently substandard: • Commonly poor paid or unpaid • Kept in unsanitary conditions • Denied access to proper medical care • Constantly watched • Kept subservient through threat of force – maybe physical or psychological in nature.

32. EXTENT: ASIA • Cambodia: 1/3 of all prostitutes are under 18 (Loise Brown, 2001). • Thailand: Child prostitutes make up 40% of prostitutes (Thailand;s Health System Research Institute, 2007). • India: 40% of all India’s prostitutes are children (Ministry of Women and Child Development). Every hour 4 women & girls enter prostitution. 3 by force. • Indonesia: 30% of the female prostitutes are below 18 (UNICEF). • Philippines: 60,000-100,000 child prostitutes (UNICEF). • Sri Lanka: 40, 000 child prostitutes (UNICEF & ILO).

33. EXTENT: NORTH AMERICA • USA:Estes and Weiner (2001) • 162,000 homeless youth are victims of commercial sexual exploitation (CVE). • 57,800 children in homes are estimated to be victims of CVE. • 1/3 of street-level prostitutes are under 18. • 50% of off-street (message services, strip clubs and escort services) prostitutes are less than 18. • 12-14 is the average age of entry into prostitution for girls under 17; boys and transgender 11-13. • 1/5 involved in organized crime network and are trafficked nationally.

34. EXTENT: SOUTH AMERICA • Peru: 500,000 • Columbia: 35,000 • Chile: 10,000 child prostitutes between the ages of 6 and 18 (UNICEF) • Ecuador: 5200 (ILO) • Bolivia: entry age 16. • Brazil: 250,000 to 500,000 (Protection Project), 2,000,000 other sources.

35. EXTENT: EUROPE & OCEANIA • Ukraine: 30% - 40% of prostitute are between 11 and 18. • Russia: new destination for sex tourism (World Vision Middle East/Eastern Europe, 2006). • Australia: 4000 (Child Wise). • New Zealand: 210 children under 18 were identified as selling sex (ECPAT New Zealand and Stop Demand Foundation)

36. PROSTITUTION • ILO: ‘The Sex Sector: The Economic and Social Bases of Prostitution in Southeast Asia’ (covers Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippine and Thailand): • Prostitution has developed into a lucrative business that influences employment and national income – contributes significantly to the region’s economic growth. • Integrated into the economic, social and political life. • The economic and social forces driving the sex industry show no signs of slowing down – due to the rising rate of unemployment.

37. PROHIBITION • Illegal in most countries. • Article 34 and 35 CRC. Optional Protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography – detail requirements to end sexual exploitation and abuse of children. • Many countries enforce worldwide jurisdiction on their nationals traveling abroad. Eg: USA, Australia and European countries. • The law of some countries distinguish between teen prostitute and younger children prostitutes. • In Thai: teenage prostitute 15-18. In Japan: 13-18. • Teenage prostitution is legal: capable of giving consent. Younger children prostitution is illegal – rape.

38. CONTINUE • In China: all forms of prostitutions are illegal. Sexual contact with anyone under 14 regardless of consent – charged with more serious crime than rape an adult. • Malaysia: S 38 Akta Kanak-Kanak 2001. • Malaysia, India and Singapore: S. 375 Penal Code - Sexual contact with anyone under 14 regardless of consent amounted to rape. • Malaysia, India and Singapore: S. 372 and 373 Penal Code – whoever buys, hires or sells any person under 18 with intention to use as prostitute – liable for criminal punishment.

39. LONG TERM IMPACTS ON VICTIMS • Physical injuries – slave treatment. • Unwanted pregnancies and infections in private places. • Mental and psychological trauma. • Exposed to social ostracism and future of violence and poverty. • Susceptible to drug abuse. • The loss of an affirmative sense of self - a serious mental health impact often obscured in the processes and procedures involve in recovery and reintegration of the victims.

40. ADVOKASI DAN PERLINDUNGAN KANAK-KANAK:PEMELARIAN KANAK-KANAKFEM4123

41. PEMELARIAN KANAK-KANAK • Pemelarian atau penculikan kanak-kanak atau bayi oleh orang dewasa. • Boleh dibahagi kepada dua: • Pemelarian oleh orang luar/asing. • Pemelarian oleh ibu bapa. • Tujuan pemelarian: • Wang tebusan. • Exploitasi seksual. • Perhambaan. • Dipelihara sebagai anak sendiri.

42. PEMELARIAN UNTUK TEBUSAN • Bentuk klasik penculikan. • Kanak-kanak ditahan dan dipindahkan ke satu kawasan yang agak jauh daripada tempat asal. • Ditahan untuk kepentingan kewangan. • Kes Lindberg 1932.

43. PEMELARIAN UNTUK EKSPLOITASI SEKSUAL • Modus operandi: internet. • Lebih peluang untuk mendapat kanak-kanak yang berpotensi menjadi mangsa. • Antara Kaedah: • Minta gambar. • Pujian kecantikan. • Temu janji. • Bawa lari.

44. PEMELARIAN UNTUK PERHAMBAAN • Uganda is a source and destination country for men, women, and children trafficked for the purposes of forced labour and sexual exploitation. • Ugandan children are trafficked within the country for forced labor in the fishing, agricultural, and domestic service sectors, as well as for commercial sexual exploitation; they are also trafficked to other East African and European countries for the same purposes.

45. Sambungan • Human trafficking of Ugandan children for the forcible removal of body parts reportedly is widespread: • So-called witchdoctors seek various body parts of live victims for traditional medical concoctions commonly purchased to heal illness, foster economic advancement, or hurt enemies.

46. Sambungan • Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), a rebel paramilitary group operating in Uganda and Sudan,has kidnapped more than 20,000 children since 1988 and today its captives constitute the largest army of child soldiers in Africa. • “Thousands of children have been raped, brutalized, drugged and forced to inflict unspeakable violence on others," - Jan Egeland, UN Under-Secretary General for Humanitarian Affairs.

47. Sambungan • They are frequently beaten, forced to carry out raids, burn houses, beat and kill civilians, carry heavy loads over long distances and help to abduct other children. • They are forced to work long hours fetching water, firewood, gathering food and performing domestic duties. • Many are given weapons training and forced to fightthe “enemy”.

48. Sambungan • Brutal tactics are used to require obedience from abducted children. • They are forced to trample to death other abducted children who attempt to escape. • They are repeatedly told that they will be killed if they try to run away. • Abducted children who resist orders are immediately killed.

49. PEMELARIAN UNTUK DIPELIHARA • Women may kidnap babies to bring up as their own. These women are often unable to have children of their own and seek to satisfy their unmet psychological need by abducting a child rather than by adopting. In this regard, infants can be snatched from their maternity wards, shortly after birth. • Premeditated: simulating pregnancy to reduce suspicion when the baby suddenly appears in the household.

50. PEMELARIAN OLEH IBU BAPA • Parental child abduction may occur when the parents separate or begin divorce proceedings. • A parent may remove or retain the child from the other, seeking to gain an advantage in expected or pending child-custody proceedings or because that parent fears losing the child in those expected or pending child-custody proceedings. • A parent may refuse to return a child at the end of an access visit or may flee with the child to prevent an access visit.