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Sleeping sickness (Human African Trypanosomiasis )

Sleeping sickness (Human African Trypanosomiasis ). By Rachel Kaplan. Trypanosomiasis affects thousands in central Africa. Only found in 36 sub- saharan African countries where tsetse fly is found ~50 million people in at-risk areas In 1993 there were 55,000 deaths.

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Sleeping sickness (Human African Trypanosomiasis )

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  1. Sleeping sickness(Human African Trypanosomiasis) By Rachel Kaplan

  2. Trypanosomiasis affects thousands in central Africa • Only found in 36 sub-saharan African countries where tsetse fly is found • ~50 million people in at-risk areas • In 1993 there were 55,000 deaths

  3. Most African nations gained independence from colonial powers in the 1960’s.

  4. After independence, the incidence of sleeping sickness rose dramatically.

  5. It is now being brought back under control.

  6. The trypanosome is the causative agent.

  7. It’s transmitted by the tsetse fly

  8. How Transmission Works Reservoir

  9. How Transmission Works

  10. There are 4 forms of trypanosomiasis. • Chagas disease- American Trypanosomiasis, found in Latin America • Nagana- “to be depressed,” animal form • Trypanosomabruceirhodesiense- East Africa, acute • Trypanosomabruceigambiense- West Africa, chronic, 95% of cases

  11. Stage 1 Trypanosomes are multiplying in subcutaneous tissues (inner layer of 3 layers of skin), blood, and lymph Symptoms: fever, headaches, joint pains, itching

  12. Stage 2- Trypanosomes cross the blood/brain barrier Symptoms: behavior/personality changes, confusion, disturbance of sleep cycle

  13. T. Rhodesiensehas similar symptoms to T. Gambiense, but it is faster.

  14. You can mount an immune response, but the trypanosome fights back. • VSG- variant surface glycoprotein • Chromosome repair moves new gene to surface • New surface structure evades immune response Parasites in body Time

  15. Because symptoms can remain hidden for so long, testing is vital.

  16. There are effective treatments available. Happily, the main 4 drugs for Human African Trypanosomiasis are supplied to endemic countries free of charge. But…

  17. Treatment

  18. There are massive impediments to diagnosis and treatment.

  19. Vector control has been found to be effective.

  20. We’re making dramatic progress.

  21. Photos • http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/news/issue.cfm?id=2401 • http://findmeacure.com/2010/04/09/sleeping-sickness-african-trypanosomiasis/ • http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/phil/html/african-sleeping-sickness/613.html • http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Features/Tsetse/index.shtml • http://blog.africaimports.com/wordpress/?p=2246 • http://dna.kdna.ucla.edu/parasite_course-old/african%20tryps%20new_files/subchapters/Epidemiology.htm • http://www.bmj.com/content/325/7357/203.1.full • http://thomashawk.com/2004/08/thomas-hawks-digital-photoblog-august.html • http://www.petsfoto.com/top-10-deadliest-insects/ • http://www.worldproutassembly.org/archives/2007/09/livestock_breed.html • http://www.parasitemuseum.com/trypanosome/ • http://www.yoursolarlink.com/blog/solar-pebbles-for-rural-africa/ • http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/students/curriculum/m14/pics4.php • http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/18900/18909/net_18909.htm • http://www.earlham.edu/~martilu/trypanosomiasispathology.htm

  22. Sources • http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs259/en/ • http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/sleepingsickness/ • Documentary: Survival- The Deadliest Disease http://www.rockhopper.tv/programmes/150/ • http://bmb.oxfordjournals.org/content/41/2/169.full.pdf+html • http://www.humpath.com/african-trypanosomiasis • http://apps.who.int/tdr/svc/diseases/african-trypanosomiasis • http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T1R-47GJC1J-2&_user=130907&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F1993&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000004198&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=130907&md5=bcd6671a39e122bb349b4215d9bb95f2&searchtype=a • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2120053/pdf/jc12551147.pdf • http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/sleepingsickness/health_professionals/index.html • Man against Tsetse: Struggle for Africa by John J. McKelvey

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