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RELATIVITY Based on Physical Processes B udapest 2009 by Albrecht Giese Hamburg, Germany

The Physical Causes of Relativity. 1. RELATIVITY Based on Physical Processes B udapest 2009 by Albrecht Giese Hamburg, Germany. The Physical Causes of Relativity. 2. Contents. “Space” and “Time”? Special Relativity Origin of Mass General Relativity. ‘. The Physical Causes of Relativity.

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RELATIVITY Based on Physical Processes B udapest 2009 by Albrecht Giese Hamburg, Germany

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  1. The Physical Causes of Relativity 1 RELATIVITYBased on Physical ProcessesBudapest 2009byAlbrecht Giese Hamburg, Germany

  2. The Physical Causes of Relativity 2 Contents • “Space” and “Time”? • Special Relativity • Origin of Mass • General Relativity ‘

  3. The Physical Causes of Relativity 3 The Leading Question Einstein’s Relativity is based on assumptions about “Space” and “Time” • Is this the only possible way? • Is this a good way? . ‘

  4. The Physical Causes of Relativity 4 Einstein’s Statement (Original Paper 1905) From the origin of a system k there shall a light beam be transmitted at the time 0 along the X-axis to x’ and from there at the time 1 reflected back to the origin, where it shall arrive at time 2; so, there must be ½(0+2) = 1 ‘

  5. The Physical Causes of Relativity  v 5 … shall a light beam be transmitted at the time 0 along the X-axis to x’ and from there at the time 1 reflected back to the origin, where it shall arrive at time 2; d X x‘ O 1 = 1/2(0+2)? 0 + 2 1 Note: The one-way speed of light cannot be measured independently ‘

  6. The Physical Causes of Relativity 6 Philosopher Hans Reichenbach in “The Philosophy of Space and Time”: “ … This definition is essential for the special theory of relativity, but it is not epistemologically necessary. Einstein’s definition, too, is only one possible definition. …” The special theory prefers ½ ... ,” it does so on the ground that this definition leads to simpler relations”. … X X • The intention of this talk is to show: • Relativity of Einstein based on space-time is not the good solution • Relativity can be based on physical processes rather principles • This is • . Much-much easier • . Gives information about other areas, e.g. particle physics ‘

  7. The Physical Causes of Relativity 7 Contents • “Space” and “Time”? • Special Relativity • Origin of Mass • General Relativity ‘

  8. The Physical Causes of Relativity 8 Special Relativity:Its Elements • Contraction • Dilation • Constancy of c • Increase of Mass • Energy-Mass Relation ‘

  9. The Physical Causes of Relativity Electric fields contract at motion 1888: O. Heaviside Objects contract at motion 1889 G.F. FitzGerald Michelson-Morley apparatus contracts at motionwhich explains the null-result of the experiment: 1892: H.A. Lorentz Sufficient to understand relativity? The experiment cannot be explained by pure contraction Needs dilationalso 1932: R.J. Kennedy E.M.Thorndike 9 Special Relativity:History of the contraction ‘ ‘

  10. The Physical Causes of Relativity Motion at c of the ‘smallest objects’ 1908: J. Ziegler Internal oscillation causes ‘matter waves’frequency: 1924: L. de Broglie Relativistic QM-function of the electron: 1928: P. Dirac Evaluation of the Dirac Function: 1930: E. Schrödinger c Zitterbewegung 10 Special Relativity:Dilation is the consequence of internal motionHistory of the internal motion ‘ ‘

  11. The Physical Causes of Relativity  = E / h (de Broglie1924) v = c (Dirac / Schrödinger1928/30) (Spin, mag. moment) orbit N = 2 (Momentum law) m = 0 (Relativity) 11 “Zitterbewegung” (Schrödinger) Completed Structure of an Elementary Particle: No conflict with the electron experiments ‘

  12. The Physical Causes of Relativity Pythagoras 2 2 2 = - q c v i.e. the Lorentz - Factor = p T 2 R c = p T ' 2 R q 2 T ' c v g = = = - 1 / 1 2 T q c v 12 Special Relativity:Dilation For the helical motion: „Speed of proper time“ ‘

  13. The Physical Causes of Relativity 13 Contents • “Space” and “Time”? • Special Relativity • Origin of Mass • General Relativity ‘

  14. The Physical Causes of Relativity 14 Static field of a point charge U ‘ www.ag-physics.org /rmass

  15. The Physical Causes of Relativity 15 Field of a moving charge U ‘ www.ag-physics.org /rmass

  16. The Physical Causes of Relativity 16 The Origin of Mass:Bind of the Basic Particles ‘ /rmass

  17. The Physical Causes of Relativity 17 Bind of the Basic Particles at motion r F F r ‘ /rmass

  18. The Physical Causes of Relativity 18 The Mass Equation   universal for all elem. particles!  The classical magnetic moment: Radius R computed from the magnetic moment  and then inserted above  the correct mass m = Bohr magneton in case of the electron universally valid for all elem. particles Or both equations combined: ‘ ‘ /rmass

  19. The Physical Causes of Relativity 19 Mass and Increase of Mass    -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  Relativistic increase of mass: From Putting the object to motion:  Spin: Classical angular momentum ‘ /rmass

  20. The Physical Causes of Relativity 20 Contents • “Space” and “Time”? • Special Relativity • Origin of Mass • General Relativity ‘

  21. The Physical Causes of Relativity 21 The Shapiro-Experiment: Einstein‘s view: this is a seeming reduction of c c   c P=1/2 or 1 depending on direction ‘ /gravity

  22. The Physical Causes of Relativity  22 The gravitational field of the sun: P=1/2 or 1 depending on direction Einstein‘s view: the path ís straight but the space is curved The application of classical refraction yields for the vertex: Integrating deflection  from – to + yields: 1.75 arcsec …. with Newton: 0.88 arcsec Now: Acceleration at rest!! This was the great breakthrough for Einstein in 1919 (Solar eclipse)!! ‘ /gravity

  23. The Physical Causes of Relativity • Gravit.Source 23 Elementary Particle in a Gravitational Field (with Vertical Axis): • c • c No dependency of the mass! ‘ /gravity

  24. The Physical Causes of Relativity 24 Formal Treatment of General Relativity (Gravity) Schwarzschild Solution: • is the basis fortheproofs of General Relativity: • Perihelion Advance • Gravitational Lensing • … ‘ /gravity

  25. The Physical Causes of Relativity 25 Formal Result of General Relativity (Gravity) Reduced speed of light c for radial motion for tangential motion in radial direction Reduced field distance Lorentz Transformation(time-related) Speed split into radial/tangential portion Now Gravity: ‘ Schwarzschild Solution /gravity

  26. The Physical Causes of Relativity Riemann Geometry Field Equations 26 Derivation of the Schwarzschild Solution (via Einstein) ‘

  27. The Physical Causes of Relativity 27 Derivation of the Schwarzschild Solution (via the Basic Particle Model) Reduced speed of light c for radial motion for tangential motion in radial direction Reduced field distance Lorentz Transformation(time-related) Speed split into radial/tangential portion Now Gravity: ‘ Schwarzschild Solution /gravity

  28. The Physical Causes of Relativity 28 What is Gravity? Gravity is the change of the speed of light ‘c’ in the vicinity of an object But: What is the physical reason for the change of the speed of light ‘c’ in the vicinity of an object? ‘ www.ag-physics.org

  29. The Physical Causes of Relativity 29 Why is ‘c’ reduced? --> by the perturbed path of a light-like particle c Force is the Strong Force This solves Quantum Gravity! Averagespeed < c Reduction of c independent of Radius independent of mass ‘ /gravity

  30. The Physical Causes of Relativity 30 Open problems in Gravity / Cosmology • Dark Matter • Acceleration (Dark Energy / Cosmological Constant) • Quantum Gravity ‘ /gravity

  31. The Physical Causes of Relativity 31 The Dark Matter Problem: Relativity / Gravity Missing Matter in a rotating Galaxy ‘ www.ag-physics.org /gravity

  32. The Physical Causes of Relativity 32 Rotation of the Galaxy NGC 3198 Axions, neutralinos etc halo (of dark matter) photons ‘ www.ag-physics.org /gravity

  33. The Origin of Gravity 1050 Development of ‘c’ c/c0 1025 1 Big Bang now time 33 Inflation • The need for inflation: At early times there was a causal connection between regions which move off each other at extreme speed  requirement for contracted space Alternativ: • The need for causal connection: Is also fulfilled with a high value of ‚c‘ in an unaltered space ‘ www.ag-physics.org /gravity

  34. The Origin of Gravity 1050 Development of ‘c’ c/c0 1025 1 Big Bang now time 34 Need for Dark Energy? Development of the Universe: Doppler-Effekt: • Doppler-Effect: If ‚c‘ was higher at early times then we get – from the formula – a higher speed for the early supernovae. • The acceleration at later times disappear. ‘ www.ag-physics.org /gravity

  35. The Physical Causes of Relativity 35 Summary What is about space-time? Space-time is not necessary, not helpful, makes relativity complicated What are the benefits of our approach? Relativity (gravity!) can easily be understood This approach explains: The “only attracting” effect The “Dark Matter” phenomenon The “Dark Energy” phenomenon This approach maintains: The classical (and naïve) understanding of space and time This approach avoids: Conflicts between gravity and quantum theory QUANTUM GRAVITY becomes obsolete The necessity of the Equivalence Principle (which is an fact derived here) The force #4 assigned to gravity (non-existent; step towards a unified theory) ‘ ‘ www.ag-physics.org /gravity

  36. Basing Relativity on Physical Processes 36 The End ‘ www.ag-physics.org /gravity

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