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Eubacteria

Eubacteria. By: Omar F. & Brandon A. Shape/Organelles. Coccus -sphere shaped-Micrococcus, Streptococcus, & Sarcina Bacilli-rods –Bacillus, Lactobacillus & Pseudomonas Spirilla -spirals- Vibrio , Triponema , & Camphilovextor Staph-clusters Strep-chains

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Eubacteria

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  1. Eubacteria By: Omar F. & Brandon A.

  2. Shape/Organelles • Coccus-sphere shaped-Micrococcus, Streptococcus, & Sarcina • Bacilli-rods –Bacillus, Lactobacillus & Pseudomonas • Spirilla-spirals-Vibrio, Triponema, & Camphilovextor • Staph-clusters • Strep-chains • Outer cell wall is made of petidoglycan • Lack Nucleus • Cell wall of many of these are covered by a capsule, the capsule is made of polysaccharide or protein; the capsule also protects the cell from a host’s immune system. • Fimbrae are fibers that let the bacteria stay to a surface • Move via Flagella(um) • Have no nuclear envelope, no membrane-enclosed organelles, no histones (associates with DNA), and can’t grow at temperature below 100 degrees Celsius. • Have membrane lipids (un-branched hydrocarbons which have all carbon atoms in a straight line), 1 kind of RNA polymerase, use Formyl-Methionine for starting amino acids for protein synthesis, & circular chromosome. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IekdfJ-7Zyk

  3. Diversity • Cyanobacteria are most self-sufficient when it comes to Nitrogen Fixation since they only need light, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water, and some minerals to grow. • Methanogens are unique way they get energy: use carbon dioxide to oxidize Hydrogen, & methane is released as waste. • Bacteria are organized into subgroups more than phyla • Alpha Proteobacteria are found with eukaryotic hosts, an example is a Rhizobium which is a species that live in Plants, where the bacteria change Nitrogen to compounds that the plant can use to make proteins. • Beta Proteobacteria can be a genus of soil bacteria plays a role in nitrogen recycle by oxidizing ammonium and making nitrate. • Cyanobacteria-are the ONLY prokaryotes with plant-like oxygen making photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria are in mass amounts where there is water, making a large amount of food for freshwater & marine ecosystems. This plays a huge role in the basis for the ecology pyramid. • Spirochetes & Epsilon Proteobacteria are the main viral bacteria. These can cause Lyme Disease and stomach ulsers.

  4. Food Source/Nutrition • Eubacteria rely on chemosynthesis rather than photosynthesis for energy. Four major are photo/chemo autptrophs/heterotrophs. • Chemosynthesis is the synthesis from CO2 & water using energy that is gained from chemical oxidation of inorganic compounds. Ex of inorganic: ammonium nitrate. • Photoheterotrophs use light for energy, but need to get their carbon in organic form (marine prokaryotes mostly). • Chemoheterotrophs have to consume organic molecules for energy & carbon. • In a stable environment, the flagella prokaryotes usually move randomly, but in a heterogeneous environment, prokaryotes display taxis, which is moving away or closer to a stimulus. • Can use Nitrogen Fixation which is changing Nitrogen to Ammonia. They can incorporate the fixed nitrogen into amino acids & other organic molecules. Ex: prokaryote that show chemotaxis (responding to chemical gradient toward or away) can move closer to nutrients or oxygen (positive chemotaxis) or away from a toxic substance (negative chemotaxis). E Coli happens to be positive chemotaxis which lets them make more of them.

  5. Bacteria Chain

  6. Reproduction & Adaption • Eubacteria are successful in reproducing, because they can do this quickly in an environment that favors them. • Reproduce by Binary Fission; which is when a bacterial cell separates into 2 cells; asexual reproduction. Most can only do this 1-3 hours and can make a whole new generation in 20 minutes in the best conditions. • Prokaryotes adaption to hostile environments have allowed them to reproduce for billions of years. • Eubacteria can make endospores, which are resistant cells when they’re missing a key nutrient in the environment. That original cell makes a coy of its chromosome & surrounds it with a tough wall, making the endospore. Water leaves the endospore & metabolism is paused. • They can also rehydrate & continue their metabolism when they “sense” the environment is more favorable. • Ex: The bacteria that causes Anthrax makes endospores, which allowed it to survive in soil. • Overuse & constant use of antibiotics have caused some bacteria to be resistant to drugs.

  7. Area • Live in extreme/hazardous areas such as volcanoes, geysers. • Heterotrophs live almost anywhere, in form of a parasite. • Autotrophs get energy from photosynthesis, they are usually blue green, which is due from the chlorophyll. These live in ponds, lakes, & moist regions.

  8. Disease Eubacteria • E.Coli-many types of E.coli but most are harmless. • enterohemorrhagice.coli (EHEC) can cause kidney failure and kill people.

  9. Eubacteria + Us • Eubacetria have mostly every kind of symbiotic relationship with the world around them. • If it’s larger, than the larger organism is the host & the eubacteria is the parasite. • Human intestines are known to have 500-1000 different species of bacteria in them, many are mutualists, digesting food that our intestines can’t break down. • Prokaryotes are notorious for causing disease, but are also key to making yogurt & such foods. • Pathogenic prokaryotes generally cause illnesses by making poisons, which are generalized into endo/exotoxins • Exotoxins are proteins secreted by prokaryotes, cholera is caused by exotoxin release by a probacteriumVibrioCholerae. • Endotoxins are released when bacteria die & their cell wall falls apart.

  10. How are Bacteria Different than Others? • Bacteria help us digest whatever our intestines can not. • Bacteria can make vitamins found in yogurt & such dairy products. • Bacteria can recycle nutrients. • Bacteria have no membrane bound organelles. • Scientists believe Mitochondria evolved from aerobic Alpha Proteobacteria through endosymbiosis.

  11. Works Cited • Flannery, M. C. (2010). Bacteria Everywhere. Biology Today , pg.513-516. • Raven, P., & Johnson, G. (2002). Biology. New York, NY: McGraw -Hill. • Kingdom Eubacteria. (n.d.). Retrieved febuary 15, 2012, from Taxonomy: http://danmarkltd.tripod.com/taxonomy/id6.html • Stöppler, M. C. (n.d.). Staph Infection. Retrieved febuary 17, 2012, from http://www.medicinenet.com/staph_infection/article.htm • Arya, N. (2011, October 1). Retrieved febuary 2012, 16, from Eubacteria Kingdom: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/eubacteria-kingdom.html • Reece, N. C. (2005). Biology 7th Edition. San Francisco: Pearson Education. •  (n.d.). Retrieved Febuary 19, 2012, from http://scienceforums.com/uploads/1282315024/gallery_4447_5_10268.jpg • (n.d.). Retrieved Febuary 19, 2012, from http://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/slidesets/marslife/images/slif_s27.jpg • (n.d.). Retrieved from http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/bio106/bacteria.jpg • (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ncl.ac.uk/dental/oralbiol/oralenv/images/bactshapes.gif • (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/publicat/microbial/nitrosomonas.jpg • (n.d.). Retrieved from http://trendsupdates.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/cyanobacteria.jpg • (n.d.). Retrieved from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Troph_flowchart.png/500px-Troph_flowchart.png

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