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Dr. Michael P. Gillespie. Medical Terminology. Descriptive – descriptive medical terms describes the shape, size, color, function etc. of the anatomical structure.
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Dr. Michael P. Gillespie Medical Terminology
Descriptive – descriptive medical terms describes the shape, size, color, function etc. of the anatomical structure. • Eponyms – literally “putting a name upon” - are used to honor someone who first discovered or described an anatomical structure, diagnosed a disease, or developed a medical instrument or procedure. • Eponyms give no useful information about what the item is or where it is located. Categories of Medical Terms
Analyze words by dividing them into component parts. • Do not simply memorize terms. • Break words up into their component parts. • Relate the medical terms to the structure and function of the human body. • The medical terms will be easier to understand if you know their context in health and disease processes. • Be aware of spelling and pronunciation problems. • Some medical terms are pronounced alike, but spelled differently (i.e. ilium and ileum). • Some medical terms are similar and a mispronunciation can lean to a misunderstanding (i.e. urethra and ureter). Objectives
Root – the root is the foundation of the word. All medical words have one or more roots. Prefix – word beginning. Usually identifies some subdivision or part of the central meaning. Suffix – word ending. Modifies the central meaning. Combining vowel – usuallu an “o”. Links the root to a suffix or another root. Combining form – combination of the root plus the combining vowel. Elements of medical terms
1. Read the meaning of the medical terms from the suffix back to the beginning of the term and across. 2. Drop the combining vowel (usually o) before a suffix beginning with a vowel: gastritis not “gastroitis”. 3. Keep the combining vowel between two roots: gastroenterology, not “gastrentology”. 3 General Rules
Itis = inflammation (tonsillitis, appendicitis, hepatitis) Osis = abnormal condition (cyanosis) Ectomy = to cut out [remove] (appendectomy, tonsillectomy) Otomy = to cut into (tracheotomy) Ostomy = to make a [mouth] (colostomy) A / an = without / none (anemia, areflexia) Common prefixes and suffixes
Micro = small (microscopic) Macro = large (macroscopic) Mega / megaly = enlarged (megacolon, organomegaly) Scopy / scopic = to look / observe (colonoscopy) Graphy / graph = recording an image (mammography) Gram = the image (mammogram) Ology / ologist = study / specialize in (cardiologist, rheumatology) Common prefixes and suffixes
abdomin/o abdomen adip/o fat anter/o front bol/o to cast (throw) Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes Combining Form Meaning
cervic/o neck (of the body or uterus) chondr/o cartilage chrom/o color coccyg/o coccyx (tailbone) Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes Combining Form Meaning
crani/o skull cyt/o cell dist/o far, distant dors/o back portion of the body Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes Combining Form Meaning
hist/o tissue ili/o ilium (of the pelvic bone) inguin/o groin kary/o nucleus Combining Forms, Suffixes and Prefixes Combining Form Meaning
later/o side lumb/o lower back medi/o middle nucle/o nucleus Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes Combining Form Meaning
pelv/i pelvis poster/o back, behind proxim/o nearest sacr/o sacrum Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes Combining Form Meaning
sarc/o flesh spin/o spine, backbone thel/o nipple thorac/o chest trache/o trachea, windpipe Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes Combining Form Meaning
umbilic/o navel, umbilicus ventr/o belly side of the body vertebro vertebra(e), backbone viscer/o internal organs Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes Combining Form Meaning
ana- up cata- down epi- above hypo- below inter- between meta- change Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes Combining Form Meaning
-eal pertaining to -iac pertaining to -ior pertaining to -ism process, condition -ose pertaining to, full of -plasm formation -somes bodies -type picture, classification Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes Suffix Meaning
ā as in āpe ē as in ēven ī as in īce ō as in ōpen ū as in ūnit ă as in ăpple ĕ as in ĕvery ĭ as in ĭnterest ŏ as in pŏt ŭ as in ŭnder Pronunciation Guide Review
angi/o vessel • aort/o aorta • arter/o artery • arteri/o artery • ather/o yellowish plaque • atri/o atrium Combining Forms and Terminology Combining Form Meaning
brachi/o arm • cardi/o heart • cholesterol/o cholesterol • coron/o heart • cyan/o blue • myx/o mucus Combining Forms and Terminology Combining Form Meaning
ox/o oxygen pericardi/o pericardium phleb/o vein sphygm/o pulse steth/o chest thromb/o clot Combining Forms and Terminology Combining Form Meaning
valvul/o valve valv/o valve vas/o vessel vascul/o vessel ven/o, ven/i vein ventricul/o ventricle Combining Forms and Terminology Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS • angi/o vessel • aort/o aorta • arter/o artery • arteri/o artery • ather/o yellowish plaque • atri/o atrium Review Sheet Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS brachi/o arm cardi/o heart cholesterol/o cholesterol coron/o heart cyan/o blue myx/o mucus Review Sheet Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS ox/o oxygen pericardi/o pericardium phleb/o vein pulmon/o long rrhythm/o rhythmn sphygm/o pulse steth/o chest thromb/o clot Review Sheet Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS valvul/o valve valv/o valve vas/o vessel vascul/o vessel ven/o, ven/i vein ventricul/o ventricle Review Sheet Combining Form Meaning
SUFFIXES • -constriction narrowing • -dilation widening; stretching; expanding • -emia blood condition • -graphy process of recording • -lysis breakdown; separation; destruction; loosening • -megaly enlargement Review Sheet Suffix Meaning
SUFFIXES • -meter measure • -oma tumor; mass; fluid collection • -osis condition; usually abnormal • -plasty surgical repair • -sclerosis hardening • -stonosis tightening; structure • -tomy process of cutting Review Sheet Suffix Meaning
PREFIXES • a-, an no; not; without • brady- slow • de- lack of; down; less; removal of • dys- bad; painful; difficult; abnormal • endo- in; within • hyper- above; excessive Review Sheet Prefix Meaning
PREFIXES • hypo- deficient; below; under; less than normal • inter- between • peri- surrounding • tachy- fast • tetra- four • tri- three Review Sheet Prefix Meaning
bas/o base • chrom/o color • coagul/o clotting • cyt/o cell • eosin/o red, dawn, rosy • erythr/o red Combining Forms and Terminology Combining Form Meaning
granul/o granules hem/o blood hemat/o blood hemoglobin/o hemoglobin is/o same, equal kary/o nucleus Terminology Combining Form Meaning
leuk/o white • mon/o one, single • morph/o shape, form • myel/o bone marrow • neutr/o neutral • nucle/o nucleus Combining Forms and Terminology Combining Form Meaning
phag/o eat, swallow • poikil/o varied, irregular • sider/o iron • spher/o globe, round • thromb/o clot Terminology Combining Form Meaning
Suffixes • -apheresis • -blast • -cyte • -cytosis • -emia • -globin • -globulin • -lytic • -oid • -osis • -penia • -phage • -philia • -phoresis • -poiesis • -stasis
COMBINING FORMS bas/o base chrom/o color coagul/o clotting cyt/o cell eosin/o red, dawn, rosy erythr/o red Review Sheet Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS • granul/o granules • hem/o blood • hemat/o blood • hemoglobin/o hemoglobin • is/o same, equal • kary/o nucleus Review Sheet Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS leuk/o white mon/o one, single morph/o shape, form myel/o bone marrow neutr/o neutral nucle/o nucleus Review Sheet Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS phag/o eat, swallow poikil/o varied, irregular sider/o iron spher/o globe, round thromb/o clot Review Sheet Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS • immun/o protection • lymph/o lymph • lymphaden/o lymph node • splen/o spleen • thym/o thymus gland • tox/o poison Combining Forms, Prefixes, and Terminology Combining Form Meaning
PREFIXES • ana- again, anew • inter- between Combining Forms, Prefixes, and Terminology Prefix Meaning
COMBINING FORMS axill/o armpit cervic/o neck; cervix (neck of uterus) immun/o immune; protection; safe inguin/o groin lymph/o lymph lymphaden/o lymph gland (node) Review Sheet Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS splen/o spleen thym/o thymus gland tox/o poison Review Sheet Combining Form Meaning
SUFFIXES -cytosis condition of cells; slight increase in numbers -edema swelling -globulin protein -megaly enlargement -oid resembling -pathy disease; emotion Review Sheet Suffix Meaning
SUFFIXES -penia deficiency -phylaxis protection -poiesis formation -stitial to set; pertaining to standing or positioned -suppression to stop Review Sheet Suffix Meaning
PREFIXES • ana- up; apart; backward; again; anew • auto- self; own • hyper- above; excessive • inter- between • retro- behind; back; backward Review Sheet Prefix Meaning
COMBINING FORMS • adip/o fat • albin/o white • caus/o burn, burning • cauter/o heat, burn • cutane/o skin • derm/o/ skin Combining Forms Combining Form Meaning