New France

1. New France Where it ALL began!

3. What questions will we answer? • 1) Why did France decide to settle along the St. Lawrence River? • 2) What kind of society did New France have? • 3) What were the relationships between the First Nations and the French fur traders like? How was this different than the English fur traders? • 4)Who won the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, and why was this important?

4. Question #1: Why did France decide to settle along the St. Lawrence River?

5. There were a couple of reasons... Reason #1: GOLD AND RICHES

6. Jacques Cartier: explorer

7. In 1534, Jacques Cartier was sent by the King of France to find two things: a shipping route to China, and gems and gold to make France rich. • He explored the mouth of the St. Lawrence River, but in the winter of 1535, his ship was trapped in ice and almost all of the 110 crewmen became sick with scurvy! • 1541: Cartier returned to France with what he thought were diamonds, but they were actually just quartz.

8. Cartier’s Travel Routes

9. Samuel de Champlain: Explorer

10. Samuel de Champlain explored North America between 1603 and 1635. He was a CARTOGRAPHER, meaning he was trained in map drawing, which helped others to follow his voyages.

11. Samuel de Champlain founded (created) a settlement at Quebec City. It took him 20 years to build enough buildings and bring enough settlers to make it work. • Many of the settlers were soldiers who came to protect the settlement, and decided to stay

12. Reason #1: Gold and riches? • Neither Cartier nor Champlain actually found gold and riches, but they DID encourage settlement in the areas along the St. Lawrence River.

13. Reason #2: Religion • France was mainly a Catholic empire. If you were not Catholic, you were not welcomed. • Many people in France wanted to make sure that New France would be Catholic too, so they came and settled in the colony.

14. Jesuit Priests • Some of the men who left France in 1611, were known as Jesuit Priests. • They had two goals: • 1) spread religion to the First Nations • 2) establish schools for boys in New France

15. 1634: they built Sainte-MarieAmong the Hurons, as a place where they could teach and worship in peace. • 1648: it was attacked by Iroquoian warriors and 6 priests were killed. • 1649: The priests abandoned the site, because it was unsafe.

16. Ursuline Nuns • A group of devoted women who taught reading, writing, arithmetic and homemaking in New France. • They worked to prepare young women for either motherhood or for joining the church. • This group still exists and they do many religious and charitable work throughout Canada.

17. Reason #2: Religion? • Jesuit Priests and Ursuline Nuns settled along the shores of the St. Lawrence River so that they could share their religion with the First Nations, and help to educate the people of New France.

18. Reason #3: Fur • In the 1600s, fur was greatly valued ($$). • As settlers in New France began to trade with First Nations, they began to collect more and more, top quality furs.

19. The fur trade was very regulated, until 1663 when king Louis XIV of France declared anyone could trade or trap for fur. • Traders would exchange hatches, metal pots, and other supplies for furs with the First Nations.

20. Enter… the COUREURS de BOIS • Coureur de bois left the colony of New France to trade with trappers in the ‘back-country’. • These men operated ILLEGALLY, and had to be very careful. • 1670s, there were between 300-400 of them. • Unfortunately, they collected more fur than was needed.

21. 1696, King Louis XIV put an end to the free-trade, and ended the success of the Coureur de bois.

22. Reason #3: Fur? • There was a great demand for fur in France, and because there was an abundance of fur in New France, people wanted to settle there to begin trading.

23. Reason #4: FARMS • Most newcomers to New France were farmers. • There were two groups: • 1) Seigneurs • 2) Habitants

24. 1) Seigneurs • These were men who had won the king’s favour and were in charge of a large area of land, called a seigneurie. • Seigneuries were long areas of land, along the main waterways. These were divided up into smaller pieces and farms. • A seigneur could keep a portion for himself, but he had to get farm families (HABITANTS) to settle on the rest of it

26. 2) Habitants • These were farming families who worked hard to maintain the land. • They would grow crops and raise animals, but they had to share a portion of their crop with the seigneur. • They also worked for 10 days a year without pay for the seigneur, and they had to pay taxes to the church and government.

27. Filles du Roi • There was one major problem in New France: there were not enough SINGLE WOMEN!! • The King imported young women to New France, many of whom were orphans with no family. • They were given free transport, settlement expenses and a dowry ($$). • Filles du Roi helped develop New France by providing stable families.

28. Reason #4: FARMS? • There was good farm land in New France along the St. Lawrence, so many seigneurs and habitants decided to settle there. • Filles du Roi helped to farm the land and to settle the colony itself.

29. Why did France decide to settle along the St. Lawrence River? 4 Reasons • There could be riches and gold • To make sure New France would be a Catholic community. • There were lots of good furs • There was very good farmland

31. Question #2: What kind of society did New France have?

32. New France was a HIERARCHIAL society • Society: community • Hierarchy: a society in which there are distinct levels that are all fairly separate Like the School System!

33. Teachers Principals School Board Students Minister of Education Superintendents

34. New France had two Hierarchies • A) Civil Hierarchy: everyday people • B) Religious Hierarchy: the Church

35. a) Civil Hierarchy –everyday people • A hierarchy of general citizens • This structure was the same in both France and New France • KEY POINT: There were NO elections! • Everyone was selected for their role.

36. Viceroy: person who runs colony on behalf of king/queen Sovereign Council: made rules and laws about day-to-day things in colony Governor: appointed members to council Intendant: made sure rules and laws were obeyed

37. The Government • Key person in the government was the GOVERNOR • He was a symbol of the King and was expected to act a bit like one • He had big parties and dances for the top people in New France and he travelled around the colony each summer. • The governor was also responsible for relationships between New France and other European countries.

38. Louis de Buade. COUNT FRONTENAC • He was one of the most famous governors • King Louis XIV sent him to make sure New France stayed close to trade routes with France • He was supposed to develop the seigneuries; NOT the fur trade because it would upset the British and Dutch to the south

39. But He Ignored His Orders! • Count Frontenac saw the fur industry as an opportunity to make himself rich • He sent out military parties to explore the region for more fur, and to build forts to defend the colony

40. Frontenac’s push for fur caused First Nations to fight amongst themselves • The Iroquois had supplied the Dutch, and soon began to fight with the Huron, Illinois and Abenaki peoples

41. King Louis XIV was angry that Frontenac had ignored him, and so called him back to France in 1682. • However, Frontenac was able to persuade Louis XIV to send him back to New France. • Frontenac continued to profit from the fur trade, and by the late 1690s had out-lived his favour with the King. • He was recalled to France, but died suddenly in 1698.

42. B) Religious Hierarchy: The Church • In the beginning, all of the CLERGY came from France • Clergy: people trained to lead religious groups • Once New France was really established, the Church began to build its own local organization

43. Bishop The Clergy Lay Organizations

44. The Bishop: a high ranking Church official usually in charge of a district • Francois de Laval: arrived in New France in 1659 • He was given the job of organizing all aspects of the Church’s work in the colony • In 1674, he was appointed first bishop of New France • In 1663, de Laval set up the Seminary school of Quebec, which was to train men for priesthood

45. The Clergy: group of people involved with the Church • Once Laval was appointed as bishop of Quebec, he could divide the area into parishes • Parish: area served by a local church • Priests were able to expand the influence of the Church as the population of the colony increased • This is how the Roman Catholic Church became a key influence throughout New France

46. Lay Organizations: religious organizations run by people who are not clergy • These groups helped extend the influence of the Church, by providing opportunities for working, learning and participation in the life of New France. • They brought the church into everyday life!

47. The Citizens of New France • Read pages H34- H37 • Answer the questions on the handout IN FULL SENTENCES • Submit when done.

48. The Economy of New France • New France was a colony which meant it was not an independent entity. • It belonged to the mother country • A colony’s main job is to support the mother country and provided it with riches.

49. Economy cont’d 2 main goals: 1. Provide new raw materials for France 2. Provide useful markets for goods produced in the mother country eg. Cloth, hardware.

50. Economy cont’d What is mercantilism? • New France provided France with the raw materials and then sent them to France where they became manufactured goods. France then sold the manufactured goods back to the colony. • This system made the colonies a profitable economic enterprise.