Recovery in China: Ming Centralization

1. Recovery in China: Ming Centralization • Yuan dynasty collapsed 1368, Mongols depart • Emperor Hongwu: Ming (“Brilliant”) dynasty, 1368-1644 • administration: reestablished and reformed Confucian education • political power: rule by Emperor through emissaries called Mandarins eunuchs (new civil servants) could not build hereditary power base • Cultural revival • eradicated Mongol legacy by promoting traditional Chinese culture • Emperor Yongle: 23,000-roll Encyclopedia (1577) of all knowledge • public regulation: clothing political ritual - tribute familial behavior social ritual – village shrine • economics/ritual: village shrine water regulation

2. Chinese and European voyages of exploration, 1405-1498contact: Admiral Zheng He seven massive naval expeditions, 1405-33demonstrated strength of Ming dynasty

3. The Unification of Japan Tokugawa Shogunate(1600-1867) → Tokugawa Ieyasu (r. 1600-1616) bakufu government → feudal Japan shogun large landholders with private armies – the daimyo figurehead Emperor constant civil war: sengoku, “country at war”

4. Control of Daimyo → 260 powerful territorial lords → Shogun ‘controls’ them in a variety of ways: “alternate attendance” at Edo (Tokyo) marriage, socializing of daimyo families → from 1630s, shoguns ‘close’ country travel, import of books forbidden policy strictly maintained for 200 years

5. Growth in Japan → peace and prosperity → agricultural improvements → population growth moderate → end of war results in unemployed warriors: daimyo, samurai and status changed bureaucrats, scholars → wealthy urban classes emerge

6. Floating Worlds (ukiyo) • urban culture: stratified commercial, co modified entertainment, pleasure industries • change from bushido ethic of stoicism • Uniquely expressed in Japan • Ihara Saikaku (1642-1693), The Life of a Man Who Lived for Love • Kabuki theatre 歌舞伎 • Bunraku puppet theatre • Geisha[recommended: Memoirs of a Geisha]

7. A Long History of Christian Contact • Jesuit Francis Xavier in Japan, 1549 remarkable success among daimyo why? attraction to belief possibility of trade political/military advantage in civil conflict • Government backlash fear of foreign intrusion Confucians, Buddhists resent Christian absolutism • Anti-Christian campaign 1587-1639 restricted Christianity executed staunch Christians • If you like this period: remember Shusaku Endo The Samurai

8. Dutch Learning – and why the Dutch?sakoku → once the country ‘closed’ → Dutch at Nagasaki principal contact with world → ban on foreign books lifted in 1720 → in the meantime, Japanese scholars studied Dutch to approach European science, medicine, art rangaku accommodation/adaptation

9. ‘Loan’ words gairaigooriginally from China and Korea ‘language that comes from outside’16C Portugal and Dutchnow, primarily English Dutch Japanese English Bier biiru beer Glasgarasu glass (pane) Hooshōsu hose Kokkōhī coffee Kop koppu cup Siroopshiroppu syrup

10. Portuguese Japanese English Botãobotan button Cartakaruta playing cards Pão pan bread Tempêro tempura tempura Tobacotabako tobacco In Portugal: Tempêro could be meatless meal on Fridays Seasoning? Entirely meatless meal

11. Forget accommodation, don’t even resist,Ignore In the east, two very different powers could afford to focus inward: Chinese Empire Japan