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Modern Amphibians = Lissamphibia

Modern Amphibians = Lissamphibia. Apoda (caecilians). Urodela (Caudata) (salamanders and newts). Anura (frogs and toads). Shared derived traits of Lissamphibia Table 10-1. Pedicellate teeth. Operculum-columella complex – Transferring air waves into fluid waves

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Modern Amphibians = Lissamphibia

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  1. Modern Amphibians = Lissamphibia Apoda (caecilians) Urodela (Caudata) (salamanders and newts) Anura (frogs and toads)

  2. Shared derived traits of Lissamphibia Table 10-1 Pedicellate teeth

  3. Operculum-columella complex – Transferring air waves into fluid waves and ground vibration into sound.

  4. Levator bulbi muscle Closed Eye

  5. Thin skin with mucus and poison glands Implications for physiology and ecology

  6. Breathing via the skin

  7. Water through the skin – a boon and a bane

  8. The skin as a storehouse for toxins Chapter 10.5 And warning and cryptic pigments Aposematic coloration

  9. Apoda (Gymnophiona) Caecilians Reduced eyes, sensory tentacles, dermal folds

  10. Apoda Reproduction Internal fertilzation with phallodeum Cloaca Oviparous (egg guarding) or viviparous

  11. Adult teeth Baby teeth grappling

  12. Urodele – Caudata Distribution Holarctic Terrestrial Aquatic

  13. Hedonic (scent) glands Reproduction Visual displays and olfaction Sexual dimorphism Nasolabial groove

  14. Egg mass Fertilization external (few) or internal (most) Spermatophore Fire salamander - viviparous

  15. Anura most diverse, most widespread Highly derived body form Urostyle Illia

  16. Anura Reproduction dominated by vocalization Expense? See text Functions of reproductive calls? Explosive versus prolonged breeding?

  17. Tungara frogs Whine Chuck Males alone – whine only Males with males – Whine- chuck Females prefer whine- chuck call Explain the pattern

  18. External fertilization via amplexus Male Female Function of sexual dimorphism?

  19. Biphasic Lifestyle Advantages? Disadvantages?

  20. Amphibian Conservation Issues Cane Toads (Bufo marinus) Introduced into Australia Conservation concerns?

  21. Bullfrog (Rana catesbiana) introductions

  22. Major Conservation Concern: Amphibian Declines 2006 report: 1,856 species, 32.5 percent of the known species of amphibians, are “globally threatened,” (vulnerable, endangered or critically endangered). By comparison, 12 percent of bird species and 23 percent of mammal species are threatened. 435 amphibian species are in rapid decline, at least 9 species have gone extinct since 1980 and another 113 species have not been reported from the wild in recent years and are considered to be possibly extinct. Causes?

  23. Amphibian characteristics that increase susceptibility to environmental changes??

  24. Habitat Loss

  25. Over-exploitation as: Food Pets - Goliath frog 6 million into Hong Kong/yr

  26. Introduced Species 99% of lakes in Sierra Nevada originally without trout. Rana mucosa (native frog) declining in part due to trout predation

  27. Amphibian egg survival and ultraviolet light at high elevations

  28. Hyla Rana Bufo

  29. Increased ultraviolet radiation due to reduced ozone Worldwide studies of UV on amphibians Red = negative effect of UV UV protected No UV protection

  30. Pollutants Nitrogen, pesticides, acidification,

  31. Deformities

  32. Trematodes parasites cause abnormalities Eggs Meracidium Cysts Cercaria

  33. Chytrid Fungus

  34. Global Climate Change? Direct: Loren’s paper Interaction with: disease susceptibility to toxins susceptibility to parasites Species Introduction?

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