Fishery management and interested parties

1. Fishery management and interested parties by Jean-Jacques Maguire

2. Objective • Convey to you that: • There is no ideal, universally applicable fishery management model • Successful fishery management pays proportionate attention to the four components of sustainability: bio-ecological, socio-economic, community, and institutional • Fishery management systems have a high probability of failure if they pay disproportionate attention to only one or a few of the components of sustainability • Parties involved in fishery management have more to gain from cooperation than from fighting

3. Stakeholder vs interested parties • Stake = an interest or share in an undertaking (as a commercial venture) • Could be interpreted as restrictive to only those with a direct financial/monetary interest • Interested parties is more inclusive and will be used here, similar to several international instruments

4. Interested parties - FAO CoC art. 1.2 The Code is global in scope, and is directed toward members and non-members of FAO, fishing entities, subregional, regional and global organisations, whether governmental or non-governmental, and all persons concerned with the conservation of fishery resources and management and development of fisheries, such as fishers, those engaged in processing and marketing of fish and fishery products and other users of the aquatic environment in relation to fisheries.

5. Interested parties - FAO CoC art. 6.13 States should, to the extent permitted by national laws and regulations, ensure that decision making processes are transparent and achieve timely solutions to urgent matters. States, in accordance with appropriate procedures, should facilitate consultation and the effective participation of industry, fishworkers, environmental and other interested organisations in decision making with respect to the development of laws and policies related to fisheries management, development, international lending and aid.

6. Interested parties - Review of CFP • Article 31.2: • Regional Advisory Councils shall be composed principally of fishermen and other representatives of interests affected by the Common Fisheries Policy, such as representatives of the fisheries and aquaculture sectors, environment and consumer interests and scientific experts from all Member States having fisheries interests in the sea area or fishing zone concerned.

7. Interested parties - Csirke and Sharp • Direct users: • Fishing sector: small-scale fishermen, ship-owners, crew • Industrial sector (processing) • Marketing sector • Sport fishing • Consumers • Indirect users: • Support industries: building boats and factories, means of catching, canning and shipping • Builders of ports and infrastructure: realise their profits early in the development of a fishery.

8. Is fishery management needed? • “It is generally accepted that without management, the benefits that most fisheries produce will diminish. This is the “tragedy of the commons” (Hardin 1968) argument, and it is now clear that a tragedy will occur in the absence of management, whether that management come from central government or local communities. In many cases, the resources will even become commercially extinct (that is, even though some members of the species survive, they are not worth fishing for).” Berkes et. al. (2001)

9. What is fishery management? • FAO Technical Guidelines no 4: "The integrated process of information gathering, analysis, planning, consultation, decision-making, allocation of resources and formulation and implementation, with enforcement as necessary, of regulations or rules which govern fisheries activities in order to ensure the continued productivity of the resources and the accomplishment of other fisheries objectives.

10. The fishery management cycle Planning Objectives Feedback Information gathering Analysis and forecasting Consultations with interested parties Enforcement Decision making Formulation of rules Implementation

11. Fishery management institutions • The FAO Technical Guidelines on fishery management suggest that fishery management institutions have two major components: • the fishery management authority and • the interested parties • Article 31.3 of the review of the CFP • Representatives of national and regional administrations having fisheries interests in the sea area or fishing zone concerned shall have the right to participate in the Regional Advisory Councils as members or observers. The Commission may be present at their meetings.

12. Alternative views of the fishery management cycle Stock Assessment Driven Management Objective Driven Conduct Preliminary Assessment of Fishery Assess Stock Industry Input (interested parties) Establish Policy Formulate Management Strategy Formulate Management Strategy Biological Input Implement Management Assess Fishery (including stocks if needed) Political Input Get to Know the Fishery Implement Management Establish Policy

13. The fishery management process today • Characterised by conflict • Lack of communication • Poor understanding • Could be summarised as:

14. The Fishery management process today Scientific sector The industry Management authority Bold decision Fishermen

15. The result of fishery management today

16. What we could be aiming for

17. In Summary • My contribution to the Forum’s objective are: • The modern concept of sustainability has four components: bio-ecological, socio-economic, community, institutional (objective A, multidisciplinary). • Each component should receive proportionate attention, fishery management systems focussed exclusively on one of the components can be expected to fail (and they have) (Objective B, why fishery management fails) • Parties involved in fishery management have more to gain from cooperation than from fighting