Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism

1. Balancing Nationalismand Sectionalism Chapter 7

2. Regional Economies Create Differences Section 1

3. Another Revolution Affects America • Eli Whitney sparks change • Interchangeable parts • From artisans to factories • Allows for mass production • Cheapest but most profitable • Sparks the Industrial Revolution

4. Industrial Revolution • Started in Britain • Power driven machines • US had more people than jobs • In America during Embargo 1807 & War of 1812 • Starts in New England • Leads to social & economical reorganization

5. Two Agricultural Systems Develop • Agriculture grows in north • OH, IN, IL, WI, MI • Small farms, no cash crops • No major labor, slavery dies out • Cash crops thrive in south • Whitney’s cotton gin • Mass produce cotton • Large plantations, demand for slavery

6. Slavery Becomes Entrenched • Plantations require large labor force • Slaves profitable • Production of cotton increased # of slaves • 1790-1810: • Cotton production • 3,000 bales to 178,000 bales • Slave population • 700,000 to 1.2 million

7. Clay Proposes American System • Madison’s Plan • Protective tariff • Resurrecting national bank • Transportation systems • Backed by Henry C. Clay • Approve Tariff of 1816 • Second Bank of United States

8. Transportation Improvements • Improvement of national roads • National Road in 1811, MD to IL • 1817-1825 Erie Canal built • Connected Atlantic to Great Lakes

9. Nationalism at Center Stage Section 2

10. The Steamboat • 1807: Robert Fulton • What’s difference from older ships? • Carried freight & passengers • Used all waterways

11. Supreme Court Boosts National Power • 1808: Fulton receives charter • Exclusive right to all NY waterways • Profit leads to monopoly • Monopoly: exclusive legal control of a commercial activity • Charge operators for licenses • Different licenses for various parts of rivers

12. Ogden v. Gibbons • 2 steamboat operators compete over territory • Aaron Ogden & Thomas Gibbons • Hudson into NJ • Ogden sues Gibbons • SC rules interstate commerce regulated only by federal gov’t • Strengthen gov’t control over economy • 1819: McCulloch v. Maryland • Declared tax on bank unconstitutional

13. Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy • John Quincy Adams est. foreign policy on nationalism • National interests over regional • Security & expansion • Treaties with Britain • 1819: Adams-Onis Treaty: Spain cedes FL

14. Monroe Doctrine • Russia & European countries expanding • Need to respond • Americans want Mexico & Cuba • 1823: Monroe warns European powers to stay out of Western Hemisphere • U.S. would stay out of European affairs

15. Missouri Compromise • Missouri wants in • Until 1818: 10 free, 10 slave • IL enters as free state • Missouri slave state? • Bill passed: Missouri frees slaves • South accuses North of ending slavery • Civil war? • 1820: Maine enters free, Missouri slave

16. The Age of Jackson Section 3

17. Expanding Democracy Changes Politics • John Q. Adams inadequate • Ties Jackson election 1824 • Popular • Electoral • Henry Clay swings election • Doesn’t like Jackson • Jacksonians split from Republican party • To form what party? • Democratic Republican

18. Democracy and Citizenship • States expand suffrage • Less requirements to vote • Election of 1824 • 350,000 voters • Election of 1828 • About 1.2 million

19. Jackson’s New Presidential Style • Appeals to common people • Wins election of 1828 by landslide • “Old Hickory” finally in office • Federal positions held 4 years • Implements spoils system • Giving federal jobs to friends

20. Removal of Native Americans • Mixed feelings among whites • Five Civilized Tribes • Occupy valuable lands • GA, NC, SC, etc • Jackson forces Natives west • Congress passes Indian Removal Act • Claim would maintain way of life

21. Trail of Tears • US troops move more NA • Cherokee sue Jackson • Marshall sides with Cherokee • Jackson doesn’t listen • Land given to federal gov’t • 800 mile trip west • More than 25% die

22. Jackson, States’ Rights,& the National Bank Section 4

23. Tariff Raises States’ Rights Issue • Tariff of 1828, Tariff of Abominations • Less trade w/Britain • Southerners hurt financially • North benefitting? • Attacked by John C. Calhoun • Makes it states’ rights issue • “South Carolina Exposition”

24. The Nullification Theory • South forced to buy Northern goods • Farmers leaving SC • Calhoun challenges Constitution • Argues states have right to nullify a law • Or had right to cede from Union

25. Debate between Hayne & Webster • Robert Hayne(SC) & Daniel Webster(MA) • Hayne for states’ rights • Tariffs will condemn South • Federal gov’t limitless power • Webster for federal government • No middle course • Resistance lead to rebellion • What was Jackson’s view? • “Our Union: it must be preserved.”

26. South Carolina Rebels • 1832: SC opposed Tariff of 1832 • Tariffs of 1828 & 1832 nullified by SC • Threaten to secede • Jackson furious, threat of his own • Troops to SC • Henry Clay makes compromise • Tariff of 1833 – duties gradually lowered

27. Jackson Attacks National Bank • Nat. Bank in Phila. • 1832: Jackson vetoes renewal of BUS • Charter expires in 1836 • Clay & Webster use charter as campaign ploy • Think Jackson will lose support w/ veto • Underestimate public dislike of bank

28. Jackson Opposes Bank • “Banks don’t care about common people” • Corrupt in politics • Richer become richer • Federal tax revenues in BUS, NOT state/private banks • Stockholders earn interest • Lower rates for congressmen • Pet Banks destroy BUS • BUS charter doesn’t pass • Clay/Webster form Whig Party

29. Successors Deal with Jackson’s Legacy • Jackson’s bank war inherited by Martin Van Buren • Leads to Panic of 1837 • Election of 1840 • Harrison dies after month • John Tyler inherits presidency