Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism

1. CHAPTER Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism 7 Overview Time Lines 1 Regional Economies Create Differences SECTION 2 Nationalism at Center Stage SECTION 3 The Age of Jackson SECTION 4 Jackson, States’ Rights, and the National Bank SECTION Chapter Assessment Transparencies

2. THEMES IN CHAPTER 7 Science and Technology Constitutional Concerns Expanding Democracy CHAPTER Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism 7 HOME “I never use the word ‘Nation’ in speaking of the United States. We are not a Nation, but a Union, a confederacy of equal and sovereign States.” John C. Calhoun, politician

3. What do you know? • What difference does Calhoun draw between a “Nation” and a “Union”? • What does he suggest about the power of states? • Is Calhoun a nationalist or a sectionalist? CHAPTER Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism 7 HOME “I never use the word ‘Nation’ in speaking of the United States. We are not a Nation, but a Union, a confederacy of equal and sovereign States.” John C. Calhoun, politician

4. 1817Construction begins on the Erie Canal. 1819U.S. acquires Florida from Spain. 1820Missouri Compromise is agreed to. 1826John Adams and Jefferson die on July 4. 1830Indian Removal Act is passed. 1838Cherokee begin to travel the Trail of Tears to the Indian Territory. CHAPTER Time Line 7 HOME The United States

5. 1819Simón Bolívar defeats the Spanish and becomes president of Colombia. 1821Napoleon dies in exile. 1822Brazil becomes independent of Portugal. Liberia is founded by freed U.S. slaves on the west coast of Africa. 1824Mexico becomes a republic. 1825Decembrist revolt in Russia is defeated. 1830France invades Algeria. 1838Zulu clash with Boer settlers in Africa. 1839Opium War breaks out in China. CHAPTER Time Line 7 HOME The World

6. Learn About the different economic systems that developed in various sections of the nation. To Understand why and how Henry Clay sought to unify the country. SECTION 1 Regional Economies Create Differences HOME

7. SECTION 1 Regional Economies Create Differences HOME Key Idea Henry Clay seeks to unify the country—even as various sections of the nation develop different economic systems.

8. HEADLINES DATES 1801 1815 1825 1838 SECTION 1 Regional Economies Create Differences HOME 1 Section Assessment SUMMARIZING What are some potential newspaper headlines that explain the significance of the following dates? 1793 Eli Whitney Invents the Cotton GinSamuel Slater Opens Textile Factory Run by Machines Eli Whitney Demonstrates Interchangeable Parts Madison Presents the “American System” to Congress Erie Canal Completed; Atlantic Ocean Linked to Great Lakes National Road Connects Maryland to Illinois

9. ANALYZING What shifts in population involving the United States might be attributed to advances in technology and changes in regional economies during America’s Industrial Revolution? THINK ABOUT • the industrialization of New England • agricultural changes in the South • improvements in internal transportation systems SECTION 1 Regional Economies Create Differences HOME 1 Section Assessment

10. SYNTHESIZING How was the American System expected to unite the nation’s economic interests? THINK ABOUT • the industrial North • the agricultural South and West • currency and transportation SECTION 1 Regional Economies Create Differences HOME 1 Section Assessment

11. Learn About the growth of nationalism in the United States. To Understand how it affected Supreme Court decisions, federal government policy decisions, and westward expansion in the early 1800s. SECTION 2 Nationalism at Center Stage HOME

12. SECTION 2 Nationalism at Center Stage HOME Key Idea Nationalism exerts a strong influence through the nation’s courts, foreign affairs, and westward expansion.

13. Influence of Nationalism Westward Expansion Nation’s Courts Foreign Affairs Gibbons v.Ogden decision Rush-Bagot Treaty Government policies expand U.S. territory westward The Monroe Doctrine American settlers push into the Northwest SECTION 2 Nationalism at Center Stage HOME 2 Section Assessment SUMMARIZING What are some historical examples that illustrate the influence of nationalism?

14. HYPOTHESIZING Speculate on the short- and long-term goals that President Monroe might have had in mind when he formulated the Monroe Doctrine in 1823. THINK ABOUT • European nations’ presence in the Western Hemisphere during this time • the influence of nationalism on foreign policy • the nation’s westward expansion SECTION 2 Nationalism at Center Stage HOME 2 Section Assessment

15. FORMING OPINIONS From what you know about the Missouri Compromise and the controversy that preceded it, do you think the new spirit of nationalism in the United States was strong or fragile? THINK ABOUT • the definition of nationalism • the slavery-related issues debated in Congress • the series of agreements constituting the Missouri Compromise SECTION 2 Nationalism at Center Stage HOME 2 Section Assessment

16. Learn About Andrew Jackson’s rise to power and his political views. To Understand why his administration instituted policies that expressed the views of the common people but violated the rights of Native Americans. SECTION 3 The Age of Jackson HOME

17. SECTION 3 The Age of Jackson HOME Key Idea Andrew Jackson’s policies give voice to common people but violate Native American rights.

18. SUMMARIZING What were some key events relating to Jackson’s political career? 1824 Jackson loses presidential election to John Quincy Adams. 1830 Jackson pushes Congress to pass Indian Removal Act. 1832 Jackson refuses to enforce Supreme Court ruling on Worcester v. Georgia. 1828 Jackson wins presidential election. SECTION 3 The Age of Jackson HOME 33 Section Assessment

19. MAKING DECISIONS If you were a U.S. citizen voting in the 1828 presidential election, would you cast your ballot for John Quincy Adams or Andrew Jackson? THINK ABOUT • each candidate’s background and political experience • each candidate’s view of the national bank and tariffs • where you live—the South, the West, or New England SECTION 3 The Age of Jackson HOME 33 Section Assessment

20. INTERPRETING What factors set the stage for the Indian Removal Act of 1830 and the Trail of Tears? THINK ABOUT • the attitude of white settlers toward Native Americans • Jackson’s justification of the Indian Removal Act • why Jackson was able to defy the Supreme Court’s ruling in Worcester v. Georgia SECTION 3 The Age of Jackson HOME 3 Section Assessment

21. Learn About Jackson’s policies on states’ rights and economic issues. To Understand why there were growing divisions and economic problems that threatened the spirit of nationalism. SECTION 4 Jackson, States’ Rights, and the National Bank HOME

22. SECTION 4 Jackson, States’ Rights, and the National Bank HOME Key Idea Andrew Jackson deals with two issues—states’ rights and the Bank of the United States—that have a long-lasting impact on the American nation.

23. SUMMARIZING What were the key issues that Jackson confronted and the important legacies that he left the nation? ISSUES LEGACIES SECTION 4 Jackson, States’ Rights, and the National Bank HOME 4 Section Assessment States’ rights versus federal power over the Tariff of 1832 Jackson versus the bank over its threat to American democracy Another version of the two-party system Presidential elections as popularity contests Average citizen’s broader political awareness

24. GENERALIZING In what ways might the tariff crises of 1828 and 1832 be considered important milestones in American history before the Civil War? THINK ABOUT • Calhoun’s nullification theory • the Hayne-Webster debate • why Jackson pushed Congress to pass the Force Bill SECTION 4 Jackson, States’ Rights, and the National Bank HOME 4 Section Assessment

25. ANALYZING How might Jackson have countered the Whig Party’s accusation that he was acting like a king? THINK ABOUT • his policies and political appeal • the image of himself that Jackson projected to his supporters SECTION 4 Jackson, States’ Rights, and the National Bank HOME 4 Section Assessment

26. 7 Chapter Assessment HOME 1. What were the key changes in technology, work procedures, and methods of organizing manufacturing that spurred the Industrial Revolution? 2. How did people in the Northeast, the South, and the West react to the Tariff of 1816? 3. Cite two ways in which the Gibbons v. Ogden decision set the stage for future Supreme Court rulings. 4. Explain the belief that guided the foreign policy of Secretary of State John Quincy Adams. 5. Why did Missouri’s request for admission into the Union heighten the sectional rivalry between the North and the South?

27. 7 Chapter Assessment HOME 6. What changes occurred in the voting population and in voting patterns between the presidential elections of 1824 and 1828? 7. What alternatives did Jackson have in shaping a policy to tackle the problem of Native Americans? 8. What aggressive measures was Jackson willing to take in retaliation for South Carolina’s threat to secede in 1832? 9. Why did Jackson oppose the Bank of the United States? 10. How did the Whig Party’s tactics in the 1840 presidential election mirror Jackson’s earlier campaign strategies?