Balancing Nationalism & Sectionalism

1. Balancing Nationalism & Sectionalism

2. A massive change in social and economic organization resulting from the replacement of hand tools by machines and the development of large-scale industrial production ways to generate power using streams & coal, power-driven machinery, people lived longer – more people available to work 2. Embargo Act of 1807 – brought foreign trade to a standstill, forced people to find other sources of income War of 1812 – Britain set up naval blockades which once again halted American trade

3. 3. The cotton gin made growing cotton profitable on southern plantations. This led to cotton replacing tobacco as the #1 crop in the south. Cotton was a very labor intensive crop so as more plantations began to grow cotton the demand for slavery increased in the south 4. Many national issues will benefit one part of the nation and hurt the other (tariffs, slavery, etc.). This will cause national politics to be dominated by sectionalism for the first half of the 19th century

4. 5. Establishing a protective tariff resurrecting the national bank sponsoring the development of transportation systems and other internal improvements He believed it would unite the nation and create a strong stable economy that would be self-sufficient 6. British goods were being sold in America for lower prices than American made goods. Tariffs would force the British to raise the prices of their goods and tariff revenues could help pay for internal improvement projects. Northern manufacturers supported the tariff but Southern farmers opposed the tariff

5. 7. The National Bank would benefit people of all regions by creating a national currency that would allow people from different parts of the country to do business with one another 8. In order for trade within the United States to be profitable people had to be able to communicate, travel, and transport goods more easily. Canals and roads would allow for the speedy transport of people, goods, and ideas that made business more profitable The National Road The Erie Canal

6. 9. The Election of 1824 when Adams won despite Jackson winning a majority of the popular vote Many states began to ease voting requirements and 3 times as many people voted in 1828. Jackson appealed to the voters by calling himself the common man’s candidate. 10. Jackson wanted to ensure a regular turnover of federal jobs in order to give common people a chance to participate in government. He then gave most of these jobs to his friends and supporters who had helped him with his campaign the kitchen cabinet

7. 11. Even though these tribes were adopting European culture they occupied large areas of valuable land in the southeastern U.S. Jackson did not think that assimilation would work and he saw the Native Americans as a blockade to expansion and progress so Congress passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830 to force Native Americans to move west. 12. The court ruled that the Cherokee Nation was a distinct political community, and that Georgia had no right to take their land. Jackson ignored the decision of the Supreme Court and refused to enforce it. The Cherokee were forced from their homes in the southeast and were marched to Oklahoma by Federal troops along the Trail of Tears

8. 13. Calhoun thought it was a disgusting and loathsome tariff because it benefited northern manufacturers at the expense of southern farmers He devised a nullification theory which would allow states to nullify or not follow any federal law that they believed to be unconstitutional 14. South Carolina declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void and they threatened to secede from the union He declared S.C.’s action treasonous and threatened to hang Calhoun and march federal troops into S.C. to collect the tariff Henry Clay proposed a compromise in which the tariff would be lowered gradually over the next 10 years and crisis was averted for now

9. 15. Jackson was opposed to the national bank because he distrusted all banks, he believed the bank’s policies led to the financial panic of 1819, and he thought the national bank symbolized Eastern wealth and power Jackson pulled many federal deposits out of the national bank and it was eventually forced to close after its charter expired in 1836 16. Many people disliked Jackson’s policies and thought he acted more like a king than a president Jackson’s opponents formed a new political party to oppose him called the Whig Party Jackson’s actions that forced the national bank to close hurt the nations economy and forced the nation into the Panic of 1837 which led to banks closing, collapse of credit, and unemployment Jacksonian Democrats and the Whig Party