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Trade and Migration

Trade and Migration. Mason White. People. Hernan Cortes Spanish conquistador that overthrew the Aztec empire in 1521 by allying with local tribes who disliked the Aztecs for fighting wars and collecting tribute Francisco Pizarro

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Trade and Migration

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  1. Trade and Migration Mason White

  2. People • Hernan Cortes • Spanish conquistador that overthrew the Aztec empire in 1521 by allying with local tribes who disliked the Aztecs for fighting wars and collecting tribute • Francisco Pizarro • Took over the Incan civilization after killing the ruler Atahualpa • Tupac Amaru • last Incan emperor, killed by Spaniards • Shah Abbas (1588-1629) • Leader of Iran, built up military, built new capital city in Isfahan, encouraged trade, invited Chinese potter • Also murdered competing religious leaders • Other ottoman leaders include (1512-20 and 1520-66) • Selim I (defeated Shi’a Safavid Empire and conqured more cities) • Suleiman I “the magnificent” (expanded into Europe)

  3. People • Osman • Turkish leader whose victory established foundation of Ottoman Empire in northwest Anatolia • Mehmed II “The Conqueror” (1451- 81) • Conquered Constantinople in 1453, conquered the rest of Anatolia, and more. • Akbar (1556 – 1605) • Emperor of India at age 14, expanded territories more • Established impressive bureaucracy: down to local level • Allowed Hindus to participate in government to appease major Hindu majority • Revoked jizya, encouraged religious discussions • Encouraged the mixing of cultures • created Din-i-Ilahi or the “Divine Faith” • Charles V • Inherited the a lot of land, and went into war against the Ottoman Turkish Empire. In doing so he bankrupted Spain.

  4. Terms • Gazis: Turksih warriors inspired by Islam to conquer territories and bring them under Dar al-Islam • Dar al-Islam: land under jurisdiction of Muslim rulers and law • Sufis: practices mystical forms of worship in Islam • Janissaries: the “elite” army of the Ottomans • Madrasas: Islamic religious schools of “higher education”

  5. Terms • Capitalism: economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of the means of production and by private control over decisions on prices, production, and distribution of goods in a free, competitive market of supply and demand • Mercantilism: economic policy which aimed to strengthen an individual nation’s economic power at the expense of its rivals by stockpiling reserves of bullion, which involved government regulation of trade • Encomienda: Spanish rule allowing colonists to take tribute form certain number of natives living in the area • Repartimiento:Spanish rule allowing colonists to employ natives for forced labor • Mita: started under Incas. Rules that Natives must give a certain amount of hours of labor for public works projects • Hacienda: Large rural estate

  6. Events • Columbian Exchange • Exchange (Plants, Animals, disease) • Diseases (e.g. smallpox, measles, etc…) kill 90% of natives because no immunity • Exchange of food sources • Sweet potatoes to China from South America • Cassava to Africa and Asia from South America • Exchange of animals like cattle, sheep, pig, etc…

  7. Events • In early 1700s West Europe changed from a mercantilist society to a capitalist society • Economic and political interests reinforced one another • Spanish conquistadors • Colonized Americas for resources (gold, land, etc…). Destroyed the Aztec and Incan civilization by allying with natives • Spanish colonizers used forced labors such as the encomienda system. • Merchants from other countries benefited from mines because Spanish lack ships to carry resources back • Portuguese • Sail around Africa and the Cape of Good Hope, but rarely ventured inland • Colonized Angolia

  8. Events • Portuguese • 1500: claim Brazil • Brazil became large sugar plantation • Found gold and diamonds in mountains of Brazil • Became in debt to Britain when gold ran out • Portuguese took over the Indian Ocean by using arms in a previously peaceful area . They made merchants pay for passage

  9. Events • Slavery • Portuguese and European ships received slaves from Africa, and used them in plantations in their colonies • Plantations reach high point in early 1700s • Cheaper to work slaves to death then to take care of them • Slaves = wealth • Businessmen in Africa sold slaves • What would have happened had strong, healthy people stayed in Africa? • foods from the Americas became staple foods in Africa

  10. Events • Ottoman Empire • At its height in 1600 • Founded by Osman • Captured and rebuilt Constantinople • Under new rulers the Ottomans expand territory • Ottoman Empire fell far behind Europeans and Russians economically and Militarily • India: The Mughal Empire • Babur invades and conquers India – his son Humayun is defeated in battle, driven out, then fights his way back to throne – his son Akbar takes throne at 14 • Akbar is best ruler of India (see description under people) • Safavid Persia • Mongols/Turks invade Persia • Turks and Mongols adapt to Persian ways • After Shah Abbas, Iran disintegrated.

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