Migration Demographic Changes in a New Global World

1. 15 Migration Demographic Changes in a New Global World

2. Migration • Demography: human populations viewed collectively and quantitatively • Migrations: the movement of large groups of people across geographic space • Approach gives opportunity to study lives of average people • Requires new “tool kit” related to capabilities of computers

3. The “New Europes” • Rise of European global influence, 1500-1750 • Power of traders & of European nation-states • Trade shift to Atlantic • Increased military technology & organization • Wealth from the “New World” • Slavery • Spread of Aggressive Christianity

4. The “New Europes” • Columbian Exchange of Plants, Animals & Disease • Diseases kill up to 90% of Amerindian population after contact with Europe • Positive aspects of Columbian Exchange • Food from the Americas: white potato, cassava, sweet potato & maize • Food from Europe: wheat and domesticated animals such as cattle, sheep & pigs

5. The “New Europes” • North America • Spain in decline by early 1600s • New settlers--English, Dutch, French--failed to find easy wealth • Labor shortages cause land giveaways and indentured servitude, the precursor of slavery • Needed for farming cash crops • Needed to replace loss of workers to high death rates

6. The “New Europes” • North America [cont.] • New England attracts religious refugees in collective settlements • Pennsylvania attracted diverse settlement because of religious tolerance • French make numerous small settlements

7. The “New Europes” • The Antipodes: Australia and New Zealand • Few outside contacts until Captain Cook (1768) • British see Australia as dumping ground for criminals (an earlier North American role) • Harsh living conditions prevail until 1868 with the end of systematic transportation of convicts

8. The “New Europes” • The Antipodes [cont.] • European arrivals destroy fragile ecology of aboriginal civilization • Australian Aborigines initially retreat in face of European invasion but ultimately resist over period of ten years • British believe Aborigines cannot be made to work • Surviving remnant now lives on reservations • Similar pattern in New Zealand with the Maoris

9. The “New Europes” • South Africa, 1642-1902 • Dutch East India Company first to enter South Africa (1652) • Settlements include 60,000 folks of whom 1/3 were white (1795) • Predominant African people are Khoikhoi & San • British took the area to keep it out of French hands; Dutch formally ceded it in 1814

10. Slavery: Enforced Migration, 1500-1750 • More migrants from Africa (as slaves) than from Europe (as free) in this period • Slavery had existed since Roman times • Reorientation of trade routes to Atlantic put Europeans in control of slave trade • Importance of slaves increases with growth of Caribbean sugar plantations • Were often worked to death

11. Slavery: Enforced Migration, 1500-1750 • Reinterpreting the Slave Trades • Slavery important in Africa • Slaves were main form of wealth • Were a source of wealth through labor • Slave trade was lucrative • European slave trade built on African trade • Impact of trade on Africa is in dispute including relative impact on population and loss of opportunity to develop society

12. Asia Migrations, 1300-1750 • Conquests of western Europeans and central Asians show remarkable similarities • Occur at the same time • Traveled equally vast distances • Were ruthless in conquest • Sought to impose their own culture on others

13. Asia Migrations, 1300-1750 • Differences in western European and central Asian conquests • Defeated Asians did not suffer diseases that swept away populations in the Americas • Asians had limits on their ability to impose culture • Asian empires in decline by 18th century

14. Asia Migrations, 1300-1750 • The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1700 • Rise of Ottomans paralleled rise of Spain • Turks rely on gazis, sufis and janissaries • Move into Europe by early 1500s • Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566) reached gates of Vienna • Population grew from 12-13 million in 1520 to 60-70 million in 1600

15. Asia Migrations, 1300-1750 • India: The Mughal Empire, 1526-1707 • Mughals begin invasion of India in 1526 • Are a combination of Mongols & Turks • Major success under Akbar (r. 1556-1605), India’s greatest ruler • Ruthless, he massacred entire population of 30,00- at Chitor in 1568 • Based taxes on thorough survey of resources

16. Asia Migrations, 1300-1750 • India: The Mughal Empire [cont.] • Tempered conquest of India with conciliation of Hindu population • Proclaimed personal religion of Din-I-Ilahi that combined Islam, Hinduism and Parsi • Became respected emperor of all Hindustan • Aurangzeb (r. 1658-1707) squandered the achievements and ended reign with Mughals in weakened position

17. Asia Migrations, 1300-1750 • Safavid Persia, 1400-1700 • Mongols & Turks devastated and repopulated Persia in 13th century • Timur the Lame (r. 1336-1405) extended Mongol rule from Turkey through N. India • Called Safavid, followers of Shaykh Safi al-Din • Shah Abbas (1588-16290 brought in western technology to try to hold on to power

18. Asia Migrations, 1300-1750 • China: Ming & Manchu Dynasties • Mongol (Yuan) dynasty, 1271-1368 • Followed by Ming who try to accommodate Mongols to the north • Invasions in 1644 bring Qing dynasty (Manchurians) to power (last until 1911) • Qing expand Chinese borders • Population sustained by crops from Americas

19. Global Population Growth and Movement • Population growth is result & cause of social change • European population tripled, 1000-1700 • Slave trade reduced African population • Native American population decimated • Europeans flood outside world, 1820-1930. European growth is fastest in history

20. Cities and Demographics • Delhi/Shahjahanabad • Each Mughal emperor build own capital city • Akbar’s grandson rebuilt Delhi as Shahjahanabad; population reached 2 million • Religious, military and administrative center • Had the appearance of “nomadic court” with “tents of stone”

21. Cities and Demographics • Isfahan (Iran) • Became capital in 1598 • Had 2 1/2 mile walkway & large public square • Major center for craftsmanship • Shah Abbas opposed Ottomans and tolerated European religious groups • Powerful neighbors insured that empire was militarized

22. Cities and Demographics • Constantinople (Istanbul) • Had been capital of much-reduced Byzantine Empire and became capital of Ottoman Empire • A conurbation three major segments • Braudel calls Istanbul the prototype of later European capitals • Became economic backwater with shift of trade to the Atlantic

23. Cities and Demographics • London • London grew as these other cities declined (approximately 1700) • London’s growth promoted national market • Stimulated agricultural production • Developed use of coal • Created new commercial instruments • Increased productivity and purchasing power

24. Cities and Demographics • London [cont.] • High immigration and death rates kept English population growth low • London’s growth stimulated new ideas about economics and its importance • London avoided the parasitism that often plagued imperial capitals

25. Migration and Demography • Demography helps explain patterns in history • Growth of “New Europes” • Re-evaluation of slave trade • Comparison of Mongol-Turkic and European patterns • Compared political and trade oriented capitals • Migration issues continue today