Office of High E nergy Physics Cosmic Frontier Subprogram - Research Support

1. Office of High Energy Physics Cosmic Frontier Subprogram - Research Support CMB-S4 collaboration and project meeting October 18, 2019 Kathy Turner, Cosmic Frontier Program Manager +Drew Baden (IPA), Karen Byrum (Detailee), Eric Linder (IPA)

2. Mission of the Department of Energy (DOE) The mission of the Energy Department is to ensure America’s security and prosperity by addressing its energy, environmental and nuclear challenges through transformative science and technology solutions. • Catalyze the timely, material, and efficient transformation of the nation’s energy system and secure U.S. leadership in clean energy technologies. • Maintain a vibrant U.S. effort in science and engineering as a cornerstone of our economic prosperity with clear leadership in strategic areas. • Enhance nuclear security through defense, nonproliferation, and environmental efforts. • Establish an operational and adaptable framework that combines the best wisdom of all Department stakeholders to maximize mission success. HEP Cosmic Frontier Research, CMB-S4 mtg, 10/18/19

3. Mission of the DOE Office of Science (SC) FY 2019 27 Scientific User Facilities • The Office of Science Mission is to deliver the scientific discoveries and major scientific tools that transform our understanding of nature and advance the energy, economic, and national security of the United States HEP Cosmic Frontier Research, CMB-S4 mtg, 10/18/19

4. Office of Science - Details • The DOE Office of Science (SC) is the lead federal agency supporting fundamental scientific research for energy and the Nation’s largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences. • SC is part of a mission agency • Provides science leadership & support to enable significant advances in specific science areas • Develops and supports a portfolio of selected facilities & experiments to obtain the science • Laboratory System provides comprehensive resources and infrastructure to design, build, operate selected facilities & projects & tech R&D • Interagency & International partnerships leverage additional science & expertise • The Mission emphasis translates into management of the 6 SC programs • Extensive use of peer review & federal advisory committees to develop general directions for research investments, to identify priorities and select the very best scientific proposals to support. • Community strategic planning process to develop a plan for science drivers and a portfolio facilities and experiments to obtain significant advances • Program Offices follow the strategic plan to carry out a specific portfolio of selected facilities & experiments to obtain the science. HEP Cosmic Frontier Research, CMB-S4 mtg, 10/18/19

5. Office of High Energy Physics (HEP) Program Mission … is to understand how the universe works at its most fundamental level: • Discover the elementary constituents of matter and energy • Probe the interactions between them • Explore the basic nature of space and time • The DOE Office of High Energy Physics fulfills its mission by: • Building projectsthat enable discovery science • Operating facilities that provide the capability for discoveries • Supporting a research program that produces discovery science HEP Cosmic Frontier Research, CMB-S4 mtg, 10/18/19

6. HEP Program Layout HEP is carried out along 3 Frontiers: Advancements at all 3 frontiers are needed to achieve the long term goals of the field. HEP is primarily a Particle Accelerator based program: Energy & Intensity Frontiers Cosmic Frontier is an increasingly important area for discovery. Experiments use naturally occurring data to provide additional input to the Standard Model picture: Cosmic Acceleration (Dark Energy, Inflation), search for Dark Matter particles, New Physics (neutrino properties, relic particles, etc) Areas of study to fully carry out the program: • Theoretical research • High Performance Computing  Exascale; Artificial Intelligence/Machine-learning • State-of-the-Art Detector and Accelerator technology development • Quantum Information Science (QIS) is a quickly-growing area. HEP Cosmic Frontier Research, CMB-S4 mtg, 10/18/19

7. HEP Program Guidance FACA panels & subpanels provide official advice: • High Energy Physics Advisory Panel (HEPAP) • Jointly chartered by DOE and NSF to advise both agencies • Provides the primary advice for the HEP program • Subpanels for detailed studies (e.g. Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel, “P5”,in 2008, 2014 – Our Strategic Plan • Astronomy and Astrophysics Advisory Committee (AAAC) • Advises DOE, NASA, and NSF on selected issues in astronomy & astrophysics of overlap, mutual interest and concern Formal Advice Also Provided by: • National Academy of Sciences (NAS) • Decadal Surveys in Astronomy & Astrophysics, Elementary Particle Physics • Board on Physics & Astronomy (BPA), Committee on Astronomy & Astrophysics (CAA) Other: • Community science studies and input (e.g. Snowmass, Dark Energy Task Force, DPF input). • CMB-S4 Concept Design Team (CDT), Gemini-Blanco-SOAR Telescopes roles subpanels of AAAC • Significant Interagency and International Partnerships & Coordination – this is a global field! • Astro-Particle International Forum (APIF) – Agency-level international group • Tri-Agency Group (TAG) – DOE, NASA, NSF-AST meetings on LSST, WFIRST, Euclid coordination HEP Cosmic Frontier Research, CMB-S4 mtg, 10/18/19

8. HEP Program Planning: follow P5 Strategic Plan • HEP science priorities come from community via HEPAP advisory panel Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (“P5”) 2014 strategic plan: • provided the critical scientific questions • recommended a portfolio of facilities and projects in Energy, Intensity, Cosmic Frontiers to optimally address the science within realistic constraints; also investments in Theory, Detector R&D, Accelerator R&D • 10 year plan, with 20 year vision • P5 recommended Cosmic Frontier science & project priorities in Dark Energy, Dark Matter (direct detection), and CMB • Dark Energy: build LSST & DESI • Dark Matter: direct detection search suite of “generation 2” experiments • CMB: support as part of the core program within multi-agency context; carry out multi-agency CMB-S4 project later in the decade • Maintain a portfolio of small projects: e.g. ADMX-G2, SPT-3G, Dark Matter New Initiatives • HEP Community support of this process is a critical element of its success Cosmic Acceleration Dark Matter HEP Cosmic Frontier Research, CMB-S4 mtg, 10/18/19

9. HEP Program Execution • DOE is a mission-oriented agency. The projects are selected for the (P5) strategic plan that will provide significant leaps in science. Then we support the community to carry out these projects/experiments. • The priority is to support research efforts directly in line with HEP program & project priorities, responsibilities & science goals • DOE/HEP is not a unique supporter of Cosmic Frontier research goals; but HEP research community does bring some particular scientific expertise and technical resources • Therefore, consider 2009 PASAG reportcriteriato determine where, and at what level HEP participates in specific projects that make significant advances in science • Particularly where HEP community brings unique or leadership contributions • Particle Physics is Global • Form partnerships or use other agency’s/country’s facilities when needed • Most HEP projects have international contributions • We have significant planning & coordination with multiple offices in other agencies: NSF-PHY, NSF-AST, NSF-PLR, NASA; and multiple international partners. Cosmic Acceleration Dark Matter HEP Cosmic Frontier Research, CMB-S4 mtg, 10/18/19

10. Cosmic Frontier Experimental Research Program Address P5 science drivers using naturally occurring cosmic phenomena via deep underground detectors, ground-based telescopes & arrays, space missions.  Specific Set of Projects are carried out, based on P5 strategic plan. • Cosmic Acceleration: • Imaging & Spectroscopic surveys to determine • the nature of Dark Energy • Study the Inflationary epoch using its imprint on the cosmic microwave background (CMB) • Dark Matter: • Direct searches for Dark Matter particles with deep underground detectors • Cosmic-ray & gamma-ray studies provide indirect searches for dark matter particles & searches for New Physics • Neutrino Mass: Dark Energy andCMBexperiments place unique constraints neutrino masses • Explore the unknown: search for New Physics, e.g. relic particles from the early universe HEP Cosmic Frontier Research, CMB-S4 mtg, 10/18/19 2

11. Cosmic Frontier Experimental Program Study dark energy through staged program of complementary surveys (in partnership with NSF-AST) • Imaging surveys map cosmic structure over vast volumes of space: Dark Energy Survey (DES) analysis, Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) camera in fabrication • Spectroscopic surveys build deep, 3D maps of cosmic structure and growth: eBOSS analysis, Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) in fab Study cosmic acceleration (inflation) at energies near the Planck scale and neutrino properties through the cosmic microwave background (CMB) (in partnership with NSF) • New generation South Pole experiment: SPT-3G in operation • Next generation array 10x more sensitive: CMB-S4 in planning Search for dark matter through direct detection experiments over a wide mass range (in partnership with NSF-PHY) • High- and low-mass WIMP sensitivity: LZ and SuperCDMS-SNOLAB, in fab • Axion (ultralow mass) experiment: ADMX-G2 in operation Explore the unknown, e.g. through high energy particles from dark matter annihilations in cores of galaxies (in partnership with NSF, NASA) • Cosmic- and gamma-ray detectors on Earth and in space: HAWC, Fermi/GLAST, AMSin operation HEP Cosmic Frontier Research, CMB-S4 mtg, 10/18/19

12. Other HEP Efforts related to Cosmic Frontier Theory program • Vibrant Theory Program supporting all areas including Cosmic Frontier; QIS actively growing area; Support for Theory centers and groups at several universities and labs. Advanced Detector Development program • Active R&D developing next generation detectors, including CCDs, TES superconducting bolometers, MKIDs, readout electronics, optics. Key elements for DES, LSST, CMB-S4. Important impact on X-ray detector, medical detectors. Computational HEP program • Coordinates DOE Supercomputer allocations via various ASCR and DOE Competitions • Cosmic Simulations, Emulators, Data Analysis • Computational HEP, SCIDAC – focused computational challenges • HEP Center for Computational Excellence • High Performance Computing – Comp HEP & ASCR coordination & partnerships on some efforts, including Cosmic Simulation and Data analytics • Manages allocations on NERSC facility for HEP Cosmic Frontier Simulations and Experiments Quantum Information Science (QIS) • Powerful new windows to accomplish HEP mission & advance QIS Foundational theory, computing, sensors (enable dark matter searches, CMB), technology, experiments; DOD, NIST • FY2020 Budget Request includes funds in HEP, BES (Basic Energy Sciences), and ASCR (Advanced Scientific Computing Research) for at least one jointly-supported and multidisciplinary QIS Center, as per the National Quantum Initiative Act (Dec 2018) HEP Cosmic Frontier Research, CMB-S4 mtg, 10/18/19

13. Research Support – Focus & Method • Program Support:DOE is a science ­mission­ oriented agency. The projects are selected for the (P5) strategic plan that will provide significant leaps in science. Then we support the community to carry out these projects/experiments. • Priority is to support experiments in our program, where we have responsibilities.Therefore, not all Cosmic Frontier-related research will be supported. Research Funding: Supports scientists on all phases of a project/experiment, at DOE labs and universities • - Priority is to support efforts directly in line with HEP program & project priorities, responsibilities & science goals • HEP model is for a science collaboration to carry out experiment in all phases: project’s design, fabrication and operations & to plan and carry out data analyses to deliver the best science • Review panels look to see close engagement within the experimental collaborations, with significant roles. • Call for proposal & reviews annually for University grants • Panel reviews of Lab research programs ~ every 3-4 years HEP Cosmic Frontier Research, CMB-S4 mtg, 10/18/19

14. Cosmic Frontier Research Support - Priorities Research Priorities for funding, aligned with P5  Keep efforts continuing at about current level for operating experiments; Ramp-down research for ones completing; Ramp-up for the projects in fabrication or planning phase, depending on needs Prepare for the future, while successfully completing currently operating experiments Cosmic Frontier Priority Areas: Dark Matter : Complete fabrication of DM-G2 experiments; Planning for new small projects selected in our recent DM New Initiative FOA Dark Energy : Complete analyses on eBOSS & DES; LSST and DESI fabrication, operations & science planning CMB: Planning for CMB-S4 Not funded in our program: Support for gravitational waves, astronomy, planet searches, ions, AMO, etc. HEP Cosmic Frontier Research, CMB-S4 mtg, 10/18/19

15. Funding Opportunities Research Opportunities in High Energy Physics (“Comparative Review”) • Main funding source for university grants; FOA typically out in the fall Workforce Development (WDTS) programs: https://science.energy.gov/wdts/ • Office of Science Graduate Student Research fellowships (SCSGR) • Science Undergraduate Laboratory Internships (SULI) • Visiting Faculty Program US-Japan • National Lab Program Announcement (NLA): “US-Japan Science and Technology Cooperation Program in High Energy Physics” for the US-Japan cooperative R&D program • US-Japan Student Exchange Program Accelerator Science • 2019 Research Opportunities in Accelerator Stewardship Supports basic accelerator research of broad benefit; conducted with 11 federal agencies • 2019 DOE Traineeship in Accelerator Science & Engineering: Student support Quantum Information Science Enabled Discovery Dark Matter New Initiatives (2019): Project design & near-term tech R&D aligned w/Physics Research Directions in the Basic Research Needs report Office of Science • Early Career Research: https://science.energy.gov/early-career/ • SC “General” [always open] - HEP uses this primarily for conferences and unforeseen circumstances (e.g. equipment failure) HEP Cosmic Frontier Research, CMB-S4 mtg, 10/18/19

16. 2019 HEP PI Meeting • The 2019 HEP University PI Meeting took place in parallel to the APS DPF 2019 Meeting • HEP overall program talks & Program Manager talks on each subprogram (e.g. Cosmic Frontier) • Opportunities for one-on-one meetings with Program Managers HEP PI meetings traditionally take place every summer HEP Cosmic Frontier Research, CMB-S4 mtg, 10/18/19

17. BACKUPS

18. HEP Research Grant Statistics – Cosmic Frontier HEP Cosmic Frontier Research, CMB-S4 mtg, 10/18/19

19. Early Career Statistics – Cosmic Frontier HEP Cosmic Frontier Research, CMB-S4 mtg, 10/18/19

20. P5 Report – Cosmic Frontier Cosmic Acceleration • Dark Energy (Also recommended by Astro2010) • Complete LSST as planned • Build DESI as a major step forward in dark energy science • Dark Matter • Proceed immediately with a broad second-generation (G2) dark matter direct detection program with capabilities • Invest in this program at a level significantly above that called for in the 2012 joint agency announcement of opportunity • Support one or more third-generation (G3) direct detection experiments • Guide G3 by the results of the preceding (G1, G2) searches • Seek a globally complementary program and increased international partnership in G3 experiments (DM-G3 is in the P5 plan later in later part of their 10 year plan.) • Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) • Support CMB experiments as part of the core particle physics program • The multidisciplinary nature of the science warrants continued multi-agency support (CMB-S4 Project is in P5 plan, starting ~midway through their 10 year plan.) • Explore the Unknown, including through cosmic rays and gamma rays Dark Matter Explore the Unknown Neutrino Mass HEP Cosmic Frontier Research, CMB-S4 mtg, 10/18/19

21. Research Support – Activities • What DOE supports • Research efforts (mainly scientists) on R&D, experiment design, fabrication, data-taking, analysis-related activities • Theory, simulations, phenomenology, computational studies • Some engineering support may be provided in the Detector R&D subprogram • Support depends on merit review process and programmatic factors • Funding efforts that are in direct support of our programs • Faculty support • Typically, the full research time of the faculty member throughout the whole year is supported by providing 2 months summer salary and support for the group. • Summer support should be adjusted according to % time the faculty is on research effort • Research Scientists • Efforts are related towards research; not long-term operations and/or project activities • Consider case-by-case on merits: could the research be fulfilled by a postdoc? • What’s not supported by research grants • Any significant operations and/or project-related activities: • Engineering, major items of equipment, consumables for prototyping or production • Non-HEP related efforts • Gravitational waves (LIGO), Astronomy, Heavy Ion (RHIC), AMO Science, etc… • Funding for theory/simulations/phenomenology/computational efforts in direct support of our experiments is in Cosmic – otherwise should be proposed to the Theory program. HEP Cosmic Frontier Research, CMB-S4 mtg, 10/18/19

22. HEP University Grants – Working in the Program • Typical HEP researcher: • Has an experimental program that may involve analysis on one experiment while constructing the next experiment. • Makes long term commitments to our experiment/project/science as a closely integrated member of the collaboration. • He/she has specific commitments (service work) & responsibilities for our projects/experiments that may include operations roles and data analysis with one experiment while constructing or designing the next one.Theseresponsibilities may evolve over time as the experiment progresses through phases. • -- Not funded for one particular study or effort here and there • In your proposal: • Explain your long term program, how it progresses over time & how pieces fit together; include info on your past few years. • Details on what you’re doing the next 3 years, your responsibilities and efforts, why they’re important to the project/experiment and why they’re important and a priority NOW. • Explain what fraction of time you’re working on each effort (whether or not HEP funded) • Describe & justify personnel and resources needed to carry out your responsibilities: postdocs, student, travel, computing etc. HEP Cosmic Frontier Research, CMB-S4 mtg, 10/18/19

23. HEP University Grants – New Efforts • Universities: Model for starting to work in the field & get a grant: • Get involved in experiment/science and take on responsibilities for the collaboration and then submit proposal. • Have involvement in the community so that you are part of the HEP community! (e.g. DPF meetings) • Lot of science topics may be in, e.g., dark energy plan or related to dark energy but need to think of what is the priority & main efforts needed and which are needed now! • Have responsibilities for the experiment – not just your own science simulations & analysis. • Many people have program working on a series of experiments (e.g.) DES operations/analysis while participating in LSST planning and construction. Not all has to be funded by HEP! • Show track record and have responsibilities before funding starts. • Transitioning to a new project/field requires a lot of work to get up to speed. • - best for faculty member to take the time to really learn the field and take on responsibility first HEP Cosmic Frontier Research, CMB-S4 mtg, 10/18/19