Settlement of the original 13

1. Settlement of the original 13 NOW… LET’S REALLY GET TO IT!

3. England’s Interest • Queen Elizabeth’s quest to spread Protestantism • Hopes the penetrate Spain’s dominance over the sea. • 1580’s Sir Francis Drake: English explorer who stole Spanish treasure. Shanghai

4. 1580’s Sir Walter Raleigh: North Carolina • Roanoke Island • Mysteriously vanished, swallowed up by the wilderness.

5. Spanish Armada: Quickly collapsed after unsuccessful attack on England. • Spain over-reached itself and lost their power and influence around the world.

6. England finds themselves in a powerful position: • Wealth • Confidence • Curiosity

7. England’s Situation • 4 million by 1600 • Small farmers were being pushed off their land. • Large population of Puritans effected by economic depression in wool trade. • “surplus population” • Unemployment • Religious Freedom

8. Types of Colonies • Royal Colony: King appointed governor and council; the people elected the assembly. • Proprietary Colony: Proprietor chose the governor and council; the people elected the assembly. 1. Pennsylvania 2. Maryland 3. Georgia

9. C. Self-governing: the people chose the governor, council and assembly. 1. Connecticut 2. Delaware - Colonies operated under charters and written laws, local control and determined taxes. - Colonies overseen by Board of Trade

10. Southern Colonies Chesapeake Region (Plantation Colonies) 1. Virginia 2. Maryland 3. N.Carolina 4. S.Carolina 5. Georgia

11. a. Reasons for Leaving 1. Overpopulation 2. Laws of primogeniture 3. Formation of Joint Companies 4. To get rich: Gold, Silver, Land

12. Settlements • Virginia- Jamestown, 1607-James River 1. 1606-Virginia Company of London- “Royal Charter” from King James I. 2. Charter guaranteed settlers would have same rights as Englishmen back home. 3. Many settlers starved looking for gold. 4. 1608-Capt. John Smith “he who shall not work shall not eat” 5. 1609-1610: Starving Time

13. High Mortality Rates • The “Starving Time”: • 1607: 104 colonists • By spring, 1608: 38 survived • 1609: 300 more immigrants • By spring, 1610: 60 survived • 1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants • 1624 population: 1,200 • Adult life expectancy: 40 years • Death of children before age 5: 80%

14. “Widowarchy” High mortality among husbands and fathers left many women in the Chesapeake colonies with unusual autonomy and wealth!

16. Captain John Smith:The Right Man for the Job?? There was no talk…but dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, load gold…

17. Chesapeake Bay Geographic/environmental problems??

18. Pocahontas Pocahontas “saves” Captain John Smith A 1616 engraving

19. Chief Powhatan • Powhatan Confederacy • Powhatan dominated a few dozen small tribes in the James River area when the English arrived. • The English called allIndians in the areaPowhatans. • Powhatan probably sawthe English as allies in his struggles to control other Indian tribes in the region.

20. Powhatan Confederacy

21. Culture Clash in the Chesapeake • Relations between Indians & settlers grew worse. • General mistrust because of different cultures & languages. • English raided Indian food supplies during the starving times. • 1610-1614  First Anglo-Powhatan War • De La Warr had orders to make war on the Indians. • Raided villages, burned houses, took supplies, burned cornfields.

22. Culture Clash in the Chesapeake • 1614-1622 peace between Powhatans and the English. • 1614 peace sealed by the marriage of Pocahontas to Englishman John Rolfe. • 1622-1644  periodic attacks between Indians and settlers. • 1622  Indians attacked the English, killing 347 [including John Rolfe]. • Virginia Co. called for a “perpetual war” against the Native Americans. • Raids reduced native population and drove them further westward.

23. Culture Clash in the Chesapeake • 1644-1646  Second Anglo-Powhatan War • Last effort of natives to defeat English. • Indians defeated again. • Peace Treaty of 1646 • Removed the Powhatans from their original land. • Formally separated Indian and English settlement areas!

24. 3 D’s that exposed the natives • Disease • Disorganization • Disposability

25. John Rolfe What finally made the colony prosperous??

26. Tobacco Plant Virginia’s gold and silver. -- John Rolfe, 1612

27. Early Colonial Tobacco 1618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco. 1622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco. 1627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco. 1629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.

28. Indentured Servitude HeadrightSystem

29. Indentured Servitude • Headright System: • Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage they paid. • Indenture Contract: • 5-7 years. • Promised “freedom dues” [land, £] • Forbidden to marry. • 1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured contracts!

30. Virginia: “Child of Tobacco” • Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s economy: • Vital role in putting VA on a firm economic footing. • Ruinous to soil when continuously planted. • Chained VA’s economy to a single crop. • Tobacco promoted the use of the plantation system. • Need for cheap, abundant labor.

31. VirginiaHouse of Burgesses

32. Virginia Becomes a Royal Colony • James I grew hostile to Virginia • He hated tobacco. • He distrusted the House of Burgesses which he called a seminary of sedition. • 1624  he revoked the charter of the bankrupt VA Company. • Thus, VA became a royal colony, under the king’s direct control!

33. English Tobacco Label • First Africans arrived in Jamestown in 1619. • Their status was not clear  perhaps slaves, perhaps indentured servants. • Slavery not that important until the end of the 17c.

34. The Atlantic Slave Trade

35. The “Middle Passage”

36. Colonial Slavery • As the number of slaves increased, white colonists reacted to put down perceived racial threat. • Slavery transformed from economic to economic and racial institution. • Early 1600s  differences between slave and servant were unclear. • By the mid-1680s, black slaves outnumbered white indentured servants.

37. B. Maryland-1634 by Lord Baltimore 1. Created refuge for Catholics 2. Aristocratic manor houses 3. Surrounded by back-country Protestants 4. Tobacco: Basis for economy 5. Used primarily Indentured Servants 6. 1649-Act of Toleration: religious toleration except for theists and Jews.

38. The Settlement of Maryland • A royal charter wasgranted to GeorgeCalvert, Lord Baltimore,in 1632. • A proprietary colony created in 1634. • A healthier locationthan Jamestown. • Tobacco would be the main crop. • His plan was to govern as an absentee proprietor in a feudal relationship. • Huge tracts of land granted to his Catholic relatives.

39. A Haven for Catholics • Colonists only willing to come to MD if they received land. • Colonists who did come received modest farms dispersed around the Chesapeake area. • Catholic land barons surrounded by mostly Protestant small farmers. • Conflict between barons and farmers led to Baltimore losing proprietary rights at the end of the 17c. • In the late 1600s, black slaves began to be imported.

40. MD Toleration Act, 1649

41. Carolina 1. Settlers from West Indies 2. Brought sugar cane. 3. Slave code. North Carolina 1. Populated by squatters from Virginia. 2. Mostly small farms. 3. No real need for slaves. 4. Spirit of resistance from authority.

42. Colonial Slavery • Beginning in 1662  “Slave Codes” • Made blacks [and their children] property, or chattel for life of white masters. • In some colonies, it was a crime to teach a slave to read or write. • Conversion to Christianity did not qualify the slave for freedom.

43. Georgia-1733 1. Last of the 13 colonies 2. Used as a buffer from Spanish Florida 3. Many inhabitants were debtors. 4. Received subsidies from England. 5. Restrictions laced on slavery. • James Oglethorpe • German Lutherans/Scots Highlanders • All Christian worshipers, except Catholics

44. s.colonies • Southern Colonies • Indentured servants • slavery to work the large plantations • rice, tobacco and cotton • fertile soil • cities: Charleston, Savannah & Baltimore • Maryland • Virginia • North Carolina • South Carolina • Georgia

45. Distinctive Features of Plantation Colonies 1. Commercial agriculture: Tobacco Rice Sugar cane Indigo 2. Aristocratic atmosphere 3. Slavery 4. Plantations 5. Growth of cities 6. Established churches and schools difficult & expensive. 7. Church of England: dominant faith 8. Some religious toleration.

46. Northern Colonies: New England A. Massachusetts: Dominated by religious and the birthplace of democracy. 1. Politics a. 1620-Pilgrims, known as “separatists” on Mayflower- landed off coast of New England established colony at Plymouth: William Bradford chosen governor. b. Mayflower Compact: Captain Miles Standish: agreement to form crude government, submit to will non- separatist.

47. III. Northern Colonies: New England A. Massachusetts: Dominated by religious and the birthplace of democracy. 1. Politics a. 1620-Pilgrims, known as “separatists” on Mayflower- landed off coast of New England established colony at Plymouth: William Bradford chosen governor. b. Mayflower Compact: Captain Miles Standish: agreement to form crude government, submit to will non- separatist.

48. c. Massachusetts Bay Colony: 1629: non-separatist member secured charter- Boston. 1. Most colonies were prosperous, educated, families. 2. John Winthrop: 1st governor “City on a Hill” 2. Religion: Calvinism a. God was all good, powerful, and all knowing. b.Elect: Predestined to heaven “visible saints”

49. A. Puritans 1. Only “visible saints” admitted to church membership. 2. Puritan ethic: wealth and success were signs of saint less and idleness a sin: work ethic helped them succeed earlier than other colonies. B. Congregational Church: Un-churched men, and all women had no vote. C. Quakers: challenged church authority, were fined, flogged and banished.

50. 3. Resistance to Church A. Anne Hutchinson 1. Claimed a holy life was not sure sign of salvation. 2. The “saved” didn’t need to follow laws of man or God. B. Roger Williams 1. Challenged legality of Bay Colonies charter: not compensating to Indians. 2. Banished in 1635: Fled to Rhode Island 3. Established Baptist Church 4. Complete religious freedom