Cardiovascular Systems

1. Cardiovascular Systems Taylor, Seth, and Garrett

2. Blood Components • Usually 7-8% of human body weight is from blood. • In adults, this amounts to 4-5 quarts of blood.  • This essential fluid carries out the critical functions of transporting oxygen and nutrients to our cells and getting rid of carbon dioxide, ammonia, and other waste products.  • Also it is very important for the role in our immune system and in maintaining a constant body temperature.  • Blood is a specialized tissue composed of lots of different components.  • Four of the most important components are red cells, white cells, platelets, and plasma. 

3. Red Cells (Erythrocytes) • Normally make up 40-50% • Transport oxygen from lungs to all living tissue of body and carries out carbon dioxide. • Red cells are produced continuously in bone marrow from stem cell at a rate of 2-3 million per second. • Hemoglobin is the gas transporting protein molecules that make up 95% of a red cell. (Each red cell contains 270,000,000 iron rich hemoglobin molecules)

4. White cells (Leukocytes) • Make up a small portion of blood volume (usually 1% in healthy human) • White cells are not limited to blood. They also appear in spleen, liver, and lymph glands. • Some white cells are the first responders for our immune system. • They bind to alien protein on bacteria, fungi and viruses so they can be removed. • Other white cells destroy alien cells and destroy dead or dying cells.

5. Platelets (Thrombocytes) • Are cell fragments without a nuclei that work with blood clotting chemicals at the site of wounds. • They also release coagulating chemicals which cause clots to form. • They help fight infections by releasing proteins that kill and invade bacteria • And they stimulate the immune system • 1\3rd the size of red blood cell and have the lifespan of 9-10 days

6. Plasma • Relatively clear, yellow tinted water/sugar/salt/protein/fat solution which carries red cells, white cells, platelets and some other chemicals. • A heart pumps blood to cells throughout the body. Plasma brings nourishment to them and removes waste products of metabolism. • Plasma contains over 4,000 chemicals including blood clotting factors.

7. Red Cells Plasma Diagram of the Artery Platelets White Cells

8. Work Sited pages • http://anthro.palomar.edu/blood/blood_components. htm

9. Anatomy of the Heart 1

10. Tissues of the Heart • Cardiac Muscle- Found in the chambers of the heart. Right and left Atrium and right and left ventricle. • This is what makes your heart beat 3 2

11. Tissues of the Heart • Smooth Muscle Tissue- Give stability and flexibility to large arteries to allow for contraction and expansion • Endothelial Cells- Line the chambers and vessels in the heart. Prevent blood from moving into the muscle and prevent clotting. 3

12. Chambers • Heart has four chambers: Right and left Atria and the right and left Ventricles. • Atria- Hold blood returning to the heart until being emptied into the ventricles • Ventricles- Move blood out of the heart • Right ventricle sends blood to the lungs. The left to all other organs in the body 4

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14. Valves and Flow • Four Valves: tricuspid, pulmonic, mitral, and aortic. • The valves keep blood flowing in the correct direction through the heart. 4 5

15. How it all works together • 2 pumps: Right and Left • Right: consists of right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonic valve, and pulmonary artery. 4 5

16. How it all works together • Left: consists of the left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, and aorta • Oxygenated blood returns to the heart into the left atrium from the lungs and finally leaves out the aorta. 4 5

17. Sources for Anatomy of the Heart • 1http://humanheartpictures.net/wp-content/uploads/Human-Heart-Pictures.jpg • 2 http://www.heart-valve-surgery.com/Images/Human-Heart-Diagram-Picture.gif • 3http://www.boston.com/yourlife/health/diseases/articles/2006/11/23/Working_tissues_inside_the_heart/ • 4 http://heartdisease.about.com/cs/starthere/a/chambersvalves.htm • 5 http://www.health-is-wealth.org/human_heart_diagram.gif

18. Types of Blood Vessels • Arteries • Capillaries • Veins • Venules • Arterioles

19. Arteries • Carry blood away from the heart • Delivers oxygen and nutrients to different parts of the body • 4 main types- Systematic, pulmonary, arterioles, and coronary arteries • All arteries except for the pulmonary arteries carry oxygenated blood across the entire body (4)

20. Systematic arteries: Deliver blood to the arterioles and later on to the capillaries • Pulmonary arteries: Take deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs where carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen • Arterioles: Carry blood to parts of the body and regulate blood pressure • Coronary arteries: Deliver oxygen rich blood to the heart (2)

21. Capillaries • The smallest of the blood vessels but equally important • Capillaries line the lungs for taking up oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide • Walls are extremely thin for delivering oxygen and nutrients to the body • Cover large surface area in order to maximize diffusion (1)

22. Veins • Similar to arteries, but carry blood at lower pressure so aren’t as strong • Receives the waste rich blood from the capillaries to deliver back to the heart and lungs • Vein valves make it possible for veins to resist the force of gravity and travel back up the body • Because of the blood’s lack of oxygen in the veins, they have a deep red color, almost maroon • Venules carry oxygen depleted blood from the capillaries to the veins (3)

23. (1)http://www.talktalk.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0006781.html(1)http://www.talktalk.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0006781.html (2) http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/ss/artery.htm (3) http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/vessels/veins.html (4) http://biology.about.com/b/2007/03/30/blood-vessels-arteries.htm