Protozoans and Major Invertebrate groups

1. Protozoans and Major Invertebrate groups Single celled animals, “tissue” organisms, and the animals without backbones

2. Characteristics • Protozoans-single celled, eukaryotic, heterotrophic (nonphotosynthetic), microscopic; asexual and sexual reproduction. • Multicellular Animals- many cells, tissue level and system level organisms; heterotrophic; shape may be asymmetrical, radial or bilateral; asexual and sexual reproduction.

8. Globigerina The "shell" is composed by a number of spherical chambers. Very common and abundant in pelagic plankton, even at the very deep. Kingdom Protista Phylum Sarcomastigophora Order Foraminiferida

9. Shells of Calcium carbonate

10. The possession of photosynthetic symbionts by marine protozoa may make them important primary producers as well as being consumers. • Thus the radiolarian protozoa, ACTINOPOD amoeba which live suspended in the euphotic* zone (that where there is enough light for photosynthesis) of warm seas, "farm" photosynthetic dinoflagellates* as symbionts in their cytoplasm* while also feeding phagotrophically* on other planktonic organisms. • The siliceous skeletons of these organisms are objects of immense beauty; they sink to the sea bed forming the "radiolarian ooze".

13. Radiolarians Radiolarians are single-celled protistan marine organisms that distinguish themselves with their unique and intricately detailed glass-like exoskeletons, silica. Skeleton commonly known as tests. Most contain many spines and holes that regulate a network of pseudopods useful in gathering food. Dead radiolarians accumulate in the ocean floor.

15. Tintinnid Note the tintinnid ciliate lower left that has been suspension feeding on phytoplankton, visible in food vacuoles.

16. Ciliates Ciliates are microscopic unicellular organisms, generally found in the plankton of rivers, lakes, seas and oceans. They are characterized by having hairy structures called cilia. These cilia can surround all the cell or part of it. They are used both for moving and for creating currents to carry food to their mouth.

17. How are they and what is their size? Their shape can be spherical, ellipsoidal, conic or cylindrical and their size can vary between 10 and 200 µm. Some of them build a transparent shell around the cell called lorica (in tintinnida), while other are naked ciliates.

18. Characteristics • Protozoans-single celled, eukaryotic, heterotrophic (nonphotosynthetic), microscopic; asexual and sexual reproduction. • Multicellular Animals- many cells, tissue level and system level organisms; heterotrophic; shape may be asymmetrical, radial or bilateral; asexual and sexual reproduction.

19. Types of symmetry • asymmetrical • radially symmetrical • bilaterally symmetrical

21. Porifera: The Pore animals

22. Porifera: “pre-tissue-level” animal Sponges are among the most abundant and widely distributed marine animals.   A sponge can either be a single animal or a colony of animals.  They are incapable of locomotion and they attach themselves to rocks.   The living "tissue" is a soft, dark, slimy material that covers a soft, flexible skeleton.  The skeleton is what is left after the softer tissue has been cleaned off. 

23. Cnidaria: jellyfish,sea anemones, corals, hydroids Although cnidarians vary greatly in appearance, they do have common characteristics that separate them from other groups. A common characteristic that has given this group its name, are its stinging cells (cnidoblasts).

25. Polyp and/or Medusa

26. Cnidocysts (nematocysts) Stinging cells can even be used for defense. However, most stinging cells are of insignificant strength to cause discomfort to man, but there are a few exceptions, like the lion´s mane jellyfish. A few specie can be very venomous. In Swedish waters only the stinging jellyfish can cause discomfort.

27. Examples of Representatives When touched they can discharge a barbed thread that is connected to a venom sac. Cnidarians use their stinging cells to incapacitate their prey. Large cnidarians like jellyfish and anemones are predators that can attack large prey.

29. Moon jelly

30. Black Sea Nettle

31. Portuguese man-o-war This colony of animals is found in the warmer regions of the Atlantic and Gulf can cause very painful injuries.

32. Box jellyfishseawasp Along the beaches of Australia and Hawaii, signs are often posted warning for a special type of cnidarian, the box jellyfish. Injuries from box jellyfish can be lethal if medical attention is not acquired in time. Symptoms of a sting include stinging, burning, redness, swelling of lymph nodes and in cases of severe reactions may result in difficulty with breathing, symptoms of shock and cardiac arrest.

33. Ctenophora The rainbow colors on ctenophores are not bioluminescence. They are merely diffraction acting on the ambient light. This shallow-dwelling species, Beroe forskalii, produces a bright luminescent display when disturbed. (Approx size 10 cm).

34. Ctenophore, Pleurobranchia • tentacles armed with colloblasts capture food • four external bands of cilia called ctenes that provide propulsion

35. Platyhelminthes: the flatworms • Endoparasitic and ectoparasitic • Free-living • Three groups: 1. flukes 2. tapeworms 3. turbellarians

36. Nemertina: benthic ribbon or bootlace worm This is a Ribbon Worm, or Bootlace Worm. They can grow very long and can change shape from being a short, fat worm to being an extremely long thin worm. Unlike most worms, it does not have a mouth at the end of its body, but has a long proboscis which can shoot out from a pore about a quarter of the way down the body.

37. Gastrotricha Usually less than 1 mm, these worms they often go unnoticed. They live in the sand and mud deposits in shallow marine water and feed on detritus, diatoms, and other small animals

38. Nematoda: the round worms • Round worms are separately sexed (males and females) • Probably the most abundant group of organisms on Earth. • Free-living and parasitic

39. Mollusks Soft-bodied animals, having a muscular foot, mantle that may produce a shell. Shells may be internal or external and vary in number of pieces (valves or plates). Most exhibit cephalization and many have a radula, a rasping tonguelike organ. www.oceanlight.com/ html/squid.html

40. Chiton Early Americans ate chitons in times of extreme hunger. Known for their 8 plates that appear as a ribbon shell when animal tissue dies away.

41. Molluscan parts… • heart • intestine • radula • shell • foot • stomach • mouth • eyes on stalks

42. Chambered nautilus The chambered nautilus is a cephalopod with a beautiful external shell

43. Squid or Cuttlefish?

46. Cuttlefish The cuttlefish looks like a flattened squid and has an internal skeleton-the cuttle bone (below) that is often used as a supplement for birds.

47. Scallop Bivalve Able to move by a “clapping” motion

49. Octopus • shy, timid and not aggressive • average size is about three feet from head to end of arms • mate one time, female cares for her eggs without eating, and she dies as the eggs hatch

50. Giant Octopus The octopus has eight tentacles that sometimes stretch 4.8 m across in a 45 kg specimen. The octopus is a mollusk that is related to the squid, oyster, clam and snail. The giant Pacific octopus is the major species on the west coast and also the world's largest. It is illegal to use jigs, gaffs, spears, rakes or any other sharp-pointed instrument to take octopus.