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Unit 2 lesson 1: Mitosis ROLE OF DNA IN REPRODUCTION FOUND IN EUKARYOTES’ NUCLEUS

Sc8 U2.1-2: Mitosis/Meiosis. Unit 2 lesson 1: Mitosis ROLE OF DNA IN REPRODUCTION FOUND IN EUKARYOTES’ NUCLEUS CHROMATIN: NEARLY INVISIBLE THREAD-LIKE DNA – PROTEIN STRUCTURES IN NUCLEUS CHROMOSOMES: EASILY VISIBLE, COMPACTED CHROMATIN FORMED DURING MITOSIS

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Unit 2 lesson 1: Mitosis ROLE OF DNA IN REPRODUCTION FOUND IN EUKARYOTES’ NUCLEUS

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  1. Sc8 U2.1-2: Mitosis/Meiosis • Unit 2 lesson 1: Mitosis • ROLE OF DNA IN REPRODUCTION • FOUND IN EUKARYOTES’ NUCLEUS • CHROMATIN: NEARLY INVISIBLE THREAD-LIKE DNA – PROTEIN STRUCTURES IN NUCLEUS • CHROMOSOMES: EASILY VISIBLE, COMPACTED CHROMATIN FORMED DURING MITOSIS • CHROMATID: DUPLICATED CHROMOSOMES FORMED DURING MITOSIS • CENTROMERES: STRUCTURE CONNECTING TWO DUPLICATED CHROMOSOMES AT CENTER

  2. CELL CYCLE: THE 3 STAGE LIFE CYCLE OF AN EUKARYOTE CELL • INTERPHASE: PERIOD THE CELL IS NOT DIVIDING • THE LONGEST STAGE OF CELL CYCLE, CELL GROW TWICE ITS BEGINNING SIZE • PRODUCES ORGANELLES, PERFORMS LIFE ACTIVITIES • ENDS WITH THE DUPLICATION OF DNA • MITOSIS: 4 PART PROCESS THAT EXACTLY DUPLICATES CELL’S NUCLEUS • CYTOKINESIS: DIVISION OF THE CELL’S CYTOPLASM TAKES PLACE

  3. MITOSIS: 4 PART PROCESS THAT EXACTLY DUPLICATES CELL’S NUCLEUS • 1. PROPHASE: DOUBLED CHROMATIN CONDENSE INTO CHROMOSOMES • CHROMOSOMES MADE OF 2 CHROMATID HELD TOGETHER BY CENTROMERE • NUCLEAR MEMBRANE DISSOLVES • 2. METAPHASE: RELEASED CHROMOSOMES LINE UP IN CELL CENTER • CENTRIOLES FORM THIN SPINDLE FIBERS • SPINDLE FIBERS ATTACH TO CENTROMERES • 3. ANAPHASE: SPINDLE FIBERS SEPARATE, PULL CHROMOSOMES TO OPPOSITE SIDES • 4. TELOPHASE: 2 NEW NUCLEAR MEMBRANES FORM AROUND CHROMOSOMES

  4. CYTOKINESIS: DIVISION OF THE CELL’S CYTOPLASM TAKES PLACE • NEW CELL MEMBRANE DIVIDES CYTOPLASM • CHROMOSOMES UN-COMPACT IN TO CHROMATIN • 2 NEW, IDENTICAL DAUGHTER CELLS FORMED

  5. Unit 2 lesson 2: Meiosis • CHROMOSOMES: USUALLY FOUND IN HOMOLOGOUS (IDENTICAL) PAIRS • DIPLOID: ONE PAIR OF CHROMOSOMES • HUMANS HAVE 23 PAIRS (46 CHROMOSOMES): ONLY ONE PAIR NOT HOMOLOGOUS • HUMAN SEX CHROMOSOME CONTROL GENDER AND SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS • XX SEX CHROMOSOME RESULTS IN FEMALE • XY SEX CHROMOSOME RESULTS IN MALE • HALF OF EACH PAIR COMES FROM ONE PARENT’S GAMETE • GAMETES: HAPLOID MALE (SPERM) OR FEMALE (EGG) SEX CELLS • HAPLOID CELLS: CONTAIN ONLY ½ OF THE NEEDED CHROMOSOMES

  6. MEIOSIS: CELL DIVISION THAT PRODUCES HAPLOID SEX CELLS • PROCESS RANDOMLY MIXES GENES (DNA CHAINS RESPONSIBLE FOR CHARACTERISTICS) • RESEMBLES MITOSIS DONE TWICE, PRODUCES 4 HAPLOID SEX CELLS WITH MIXED TRAITS • 2 STAGE PROCESS • MEIOSIS 1: RESEMBLES MITOSIS, SOME GENES CROSS, MIX • CHROMATIDS REMAINED JOINED BY CENTROMERES • NEW NUCLEAR, CELL MEMBRANES FORM – CELL FORMED NOT IDENTICAL • MEIOSIS II: NO NEW DUPLICATION, MITOSIS-LIKE PROCESS • WITHOUT DNA REPLICATION, RESULTING CELLS HAVE HALF-SET OF CHROMOSOMES • 4 HAPLOID SEX CELLS RESULT

  7. DOWN’S SYNDROME: GENETIC DISEASE CAUSED BY SEX CHROMOSOMES INSTEAD OF A PAIR • MAY CAUSE HEALTH ISSUES AND LEARNING DISABILITIES • MORE FREQUENT IN FEMALES

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