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Islam

Doctrine and Beginnings. Islam. Overview. Newest of three monotheistic religions Fastest growing Aggressive in recruitment Indonesia has most Saudi A., Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Turkey ≈ 100%. Pre- islam. Idol-worship and Jews in Mid East Controlled by Quraysh tribe Nomadic people

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Islam

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  1. Doctrine and Beginnings Islam

  2. Overview • Newest of three monotheistic religions • Fastest growing • Aggressive in recruitment • Indonesia has most • Saudi A., Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Turkey ≈ 100%

  3. Pre-islam • Idol-worship and Jews in Mid East • Controlled by Quraysh tribe • Nomadic people • Trade important • Mecca and Yathrib • Caravans routes • Kaaba sacred shrine • Black Stone • Idol collection • Fee

  4. Muhammad • Born in 570 AD • Raised by uncle • Drove caravans • Worked for wealthy widow, Khadija • Married her at age 25 • Spent time fasting and praying • Age 40, Angel Gabriel ordered him to preach

  5. The “City of the Prophet” • Preaches in Mecca • Few followers • Merchants and business owners angered • 622, Khadija died • Muhammad leaves Mecca • Hejira – respected in Yathrib by poor/Arabs • Renamed Medina

  6. On to mecca • Raids Meccan caravans • MeccansseigeYathrib • Muhammad withstands • 630, Yathrib attacks Mecca • Negotiation • Given 3 days to worship • Goes in w/army • Takes Mecca • Rededicates Kaaba, smashes idols • 632, Muhammad dies

  7. Doctrine • Islam means submission • Five Pillars • Shahada – profession of faith • Salat – pray 5 times daily • Zakat – charitable giving • Sawm – fast during Ramadan • Hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca • Sixth Pillar? • Jihad – holy war

  8. Individual responsibilities • Show moderation, cleanliness • No alcohol, smoking, gambling, pork • Women • Barred from education • Husband allowed to discipline • Males can have up to four wives – must provide equally

  9. The Koran and the Hadith • Koran – translates to “recite” • Contains 114 Chapters • Instructs Muslims how to live • Hadith – teachings and actions of Muhammad • Together called Sunnah • Abu Bakr ordered them written

  10. People of the book • Believe Jews and Christians were people of book and were half correct • Jesus was prophet, corrupted message • Status as Ahl Al-Dhimma • Protected under Islam • Sometimes…

  11. Early history of islam • Four reasons for quick spread • People had strong, united beliefs • Why? • Ppl welcomed message • Muslims as liberators • Had to pay Fay • Some converted • Large, swift armies • Good leadership

  12. Early history of islam • Caliph was leader • Means “successor” • Four able caliphs followed Muhammad • Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman • Ali was fourth • Civil war between Ali and Muawiya Umayyad • Ali murdered • Split between Shi’a (followers of Ali) and Sunni

  13. Shi’itesvs Sunnis • Shi’ites believe that only descendants of Muhammad should rule • Sunni’s believe that accomplished Muslims can be ruler (Caliph) • Sunni’s more prevalent (80%) • Constant warring between two sects

  14. Ali murdered, Muawiya in charge • 661, Umayyad Dynasty begins • Governed Syria – capital at Damascus • Emphasized Arab culture • Expanded empire to Spain and India • 732, Battle of Tours • Ended Muslim expansion • Non-Arabs and Shi’ites revolted in 750 • Reasons for Umayyad expansion • Persians and Byzantines warring between themselves • Europe in the “Dark Ages” • Mosque Umayyad Dynasty (661-750)

  15. Abbassid Dynasty (750-1258) • Non-Arabs and Shi’ites • Inclusive – non-discriminatory • Capital at Baghdad (“God-given”) • City flourished, home to 1 million people • Sponsored many building projects • House of Wisdom

  16. Golden age of Muslim civilization • Blended Greek, Persian, and Indian influences • Built on ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia • Trade flourished • Trade from India and China to Scandinavia • Set up banks in empire • Translated ancient works • Algebra – al-Khwarizimi • Magnetic compass invented • Arabic influence on language

  17. Foreign invaders • Abbassids pay Seljuk Turks for protective army • 1055, Seljuks capture Baghdad • Allow puppet Abba. gov. • Captured Anatolia from Byzantines • Weakens Byzantine Empire

  18. Foreign Invaders • During 1200’s, Mongols invade (after Crusades) • Breed ponies, invented stirrups • Hulagu Khan sacks Baghdad in 1258 • Kills last of Abbassid caliphs • Mongol conquest spurred trade • Converted to Islam and assimilated

  19. The Crusades • Remember, Jerusalem is home to three religions • 1071 AD, Seljuks stopped visitors • Causes of Crusades: • Pope Urban II saw chance for unity • Eastern Orthodox felt threatened • Emperor Alexius’ call for help • People saw chance for riches – Pope’s guarantees • Primogenitor – first born son gets 100% of inheritance • Call for Crusades took pressure off Pope

  20. Pre-First Crusade • Peasants’ Crusade • 20,000-25,000 peasants strong • Led by Peter the Hermit and Walter the Penniless • Emperor Alexius hoped for warriors  • Instead, got this  • Once in Constantinople, looted city • Cast out soon after • Slaughtered once they entered Asia Minor

  21. First Crusade • First Crusade led by nobles sets out in 1095 • Retake captured Byzantine holdings • Crusaders capture Jerusalem • Wholesale rape, pillage, and slaughter ensues • Alexius allows lords to carve out kingdoms after oath of loyalty taken • Odessa, Jerusalem, Tripoli, and Antioch formed • Crusade #1 = Success

  22. Post-First Crusade • Most Europeans returned home • Brought back goods and ideas • Arabic words/alphabet • Mathematics • Scientific ideas • Engineering/ architectural concepts • Medical knowledge • Geographical knowledge • Goods from China and India • Silk, spices, cotton, pasta • Desire to get to Asia

  23. Saladin • Muslims needed leader to unite them • Saladin did this • God-fearing, courteous, generous, merciful • Respected by Muslims and Christians alike • Won decisive victory at Horns of Hattin in 1187

  24. Second and Third crusades • Led by Saladin, Muslims recaptured much of kingdoms • Crusades turn defensivefor Christians • When Jerusalem captured, Muslims don’t desecrate • Saladin forbade: • Killing inhabitants • Stealing from Crusaders • Burning Christian homes and churches

  25. Fourth Crusade • Crusaders accidentally sack Constantinople

  26. Increased trade between the Middle East and the Byzantine Empire Growth of economy Increased power of the Church New inventions and ideas brought back Age of Exploration begins in Europe Hatred between Christians and Muslims grows Consequences of the crusades

  27. Compare Two Sides to the Crusade Homework

  28. The Ottoman EMpire

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