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Types of Chemical Bonds

Types of Chemical Bonds. Based on the Octet Rule and Electronegativity. Review Octet Rule. Atoms become stable when their outer energy level is completely full . A full energy level consists of 8 electrons* . Atoms form molecules to achieve a stable octet. *Except for helium.

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Types of Chemical Bonds

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  1. Types of Chemical Bonds Based on the Octet Rule and Electronegativity

  2. Review Octet Rule Atoms become stable when their outer energy level is completely full. A full energy level consists of 8 electrons*. Atoms form molecules to achieve a stable octet. *Except for helium

  3. Review electronegativity Electronegativity is the tendency to attract electrons to complete an atom’s outer energy level. Fluorine 1s2 2s2 2p5 All elements in the Halogen group (group 7A or 17) need one electron to complete a stable octet. Chlorine 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 Bromine 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p5

  4. Review electronegativity Fluorine has the highest Electronegativity (4) of all the elements All other elements’ electronegativity is relative to Fluorine’s, less than 4.

  5. Cl IONIC BONDS: “Opposites Attract” The goal: stable octet Sodium EN=0.9 METAL NON-METAL Chlorine EN=3.0 (weak pull) (strong pull) Na 

  6. Cl IONIC BONDS: Na + Cl  NaCl Sodium EN=0.9 Chlorine EN=3.0 _ + Na  Na now has a positive charge. Cl has a negative charge. Since opposites attract, these ions form an IONIC BOND. An ionic bond is the resulting attraction between a cation and an anion after an electron is transferred from the metal to the non-metal.

  7. IONIC BONDS: Crystal structure MOST OFTEN FORMED BY: Group 1 (alkali metals) with Group 7A or 17 (Halogens) Group 2 (alkaline earth metals) with Group 6A or 16. CAN ALSO OCCUR BETWEEN: Groups 1 or 2 and polyatomic ions NaCl, KI, LiF MgO, BaS H2SO4, LiNO3, MgPO4, KOH

  8. Cl Cl Cl Cl NONPOLAR COVALENT: “Even sharing”Cl + Cl  Cl2 The goal: Stable Octet Chlorine EN=3.0 7 valence electrons 1 space available Equal pulling = equal sharing • EXAMPLES: • Diatomic Molecule:made of two atoms, same element. Includes: H2 O2 N2 and the Halogens – Cl2 Br2 F2 I2. • Most Carbon compounds

  9. O POLAR COVALENT: “uneven sharing”H2 + O  2H2O Oxygen EN=3.5 Hydrogen EN=2.1 H· Oxygen needs 2 electrons to form a stable octet. Hydrogen can either gain one or lose one to form a stable shell. They both pull, but Oxygen pulls harder.

  10. H· H· H· O O H· POLAR COVALENT: Unequal Sharing Kinetic energy (movement) brings these atoms together. Oxygen EN=3.5 Hydrogen EN=2.1 H2O Oxygen side is slightly negative;Hydrogen ends are slightly positive. POLAR COVALENT BONDS occur in organic compounds. Organic compounds consist primarily of carbon and hydrogen; may also include nitrogen, oxygen, halogens as well as phosphorus, silicon and sulfur.

  11. POLAR COVALENT: Organic Compounds POLAR COVALENT BONDS occur in organic compounds. Organic compounds consist primarily of carbon hydrogen nitrogen oxygen halogens phosphorus silicon sulfur.

  12. Metallic bonding –“Freely moving electrons” Outer electrons are shared among all the atoms in the solid. Each atom gives up its outer electrons and becomes slightly positively charged. Negatively charged electrons hold the metal atoms together. Freely moving electrons give the metal good thermal and electrical conductivity.

  13. Probability of locating electrons • Electrons can be detected by instruments sensitive to electricity. • Electrons are found at specific distances from the nucleus.

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