Sectionalism

1. Sectionalism

2. 4 Major Causes of the Civil War • slavery- growing moral issue in the North vs. its defense and expansion in the South • Constitutional disputes- federal Union vs. states’ rights • Economic differences- industrial North vs. agricultural South • Tariffs • Banks • Internal improvements • Political blunders & extremism- on both sides

3. Economic Differences • Henry Clay’s Economic System: • How did Henry Clay’s system lead to the development of regional economics? • How did economics become a political issue?

4. Tariffs • After War of 1812, tariffs were passed to help the Northern industries • Tariffs continued to increase- upset the South • Dependent on GB for goods • Now forced to pay more $$ for American goods • Believed the gov’t only cared about N • SC in economic trouble! • Many leaving SC for new lands in the west • Soil no longer fertile

5. States’ Rights • John C. Calhoun needed to protect the interests of his state • Nullification theory • If federal gov’t doesn’t allow nullification of a law, then a state can secede • AJ doesn’t agree! • “Our Union must be preserved”

6. John C. Calhoun Daniel Webster The Tariff Showdown

7. Rebellious South Carolina • New tariffs in 1832 • Upsets SC • SC declares ’28 & ’32 tariffs “null and void” • Threatened to leave the Union if taxes were collected • AJ FURIOUS . . . Sees Calhoun’s acts as treasonous • Force Bill 1833- US gov’t to use force in SC • Henry Clay to the rescue . . . Passes a new bill with lower tariffs

8. Political Sectionalism • How did the good intentions of politicians create a greater rift in US regions? • What attempts at saving the Union occur and what were their consequences?

9. Political Issues • Land is a hot topic in the Union • Congress wanted to maintain a balance b/w slave and non-slave states • Missouri Compromise 1820 • 1819 Missouri Territory- state • Slavery a main issue-> balance of states in the Union (Senate) • Slavery established in MO- worried the North • Debates in Congress

10. Henry Clay’s proposal • Missouri- slave state • Maine- free state • Rest of LA territory • 36-30 line • Slavery allowed below

12. Expansion in 40-50’s • Wilmont Proviso- wanted to ban slavery in new states gain through Mexican-American war • Free Soil Movement- • Not necessarily against slavery • Didn’t want slaves in new territories • Wanted whites to have more economic opportunities out west and didn’t want to compete with free blacks or slave labor • “free soilers”est. political party in 1848 • “free soil, free labor, and free men”

13. New lands • South wanted new states to allow slavery & North doesn’t • Saw Northern attempts to limit slavery as a violation of their constitutional rights • Abolitionists & free-soilers a threat to slavery • Wanted to extend MO Compromise line to Pacific Ocean

14. Popular Sovereignty • Congress in charge of deciding whether states allow slaves or not • Lewis Cass (MI) proposes that the citizens decide • People vote on the issue • Moderates on both side support the idea

15. Election of 1848 • Democrats- Lewis Cass • Whigs- Zachary Taylor • Free-Soil Party- Martin Van Buren • **Taylor barely wins • Has NO position on slavery • South thinks he’ll be on their side

16. Compromise of 1850 • Gold rush in CA- population booming, ready to apply for statehood • CA bans slavery in their constitution= upsets S • Even Taylor wants CA as a non-slave state • Upsets many radical Southerners- meet in Nashville in 1850 “fire eaters” • 1850 Henry Clay proposes a compromise

17. Compromise of 1850 • CA admitted as a free state • Utah & New Mexico divided into 2 territories- allow popular sovereignty • New territories gain land in dispute to new terr. (b/w TX & NX territory) & assume TX’s debt • Ban slave trade in DC, but whites can own slaves in the city • New Fugitive Slave law- harsher and more enforced

19. Debates over the Compromise • 3 men: Clay, Calhoun & Daniel Webster • Calhoun: against • Webster: for comp.; upsets N. England • Clay: for • **Taylor against compromise, but dies and his VP Millard Fillmore signs bill into law • After Stephen Douglass passes separate parts of act • **Act buys the Union some time

20. Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854 • Nebraska Territory split into 2 smaller territories • Stephen Douglass (D) pushes for this legislation in Congress • Allow new territories to have popular sovereignty • Problem?? • Why does Douglass “help” the South? • Kills the Whig Party . . . Why?

21. Consequences of Act • Passed in Congress • Disrupts the peace from Compromise of 1850 • Repeals Missouri Compromise • N. Democrats upset with Douglass • Destroys his political career • Many Dems. Want to leave party

22. New Political Parties • Know-Nothing • Tensions in the north due to diversity • Anti-Catholic and anti-immigration • Nativists form a political party • Weakens Whig party • Republican • Formed directly after K/N Act (opposition) • Who? Free-Soiler, anti-slavery Whigs & Democrats • Western and northern moderates • Wanted repeal of K/N Act & Fugitive Slave law • Abolitionists join later • Early on- wanted slavery confined to the South

23. Know-Nothing party

24. Bleeding Kansas • MO slaveholders est. homesteads in Kansas • Anti-slavery settlers move to KS also (with $$) • Fighting breaks out b/w 2 groups over slave issue-> “bleeding Kansas” • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2952.html

25. Slavery Issue • Fugitive Slave Law • Resisted by northerners • Track down runaways, capture them & return home • Slave cases in federal court jurisdiction • Tougher penalties for helping runaways • Northerners find loopholes

26. Underground RR • network throughout South & Middle States to ensure freedom for runaways • Not well organized or run by white abolitionists- mostly ex-slaves • Harriet Tubman • 19 trips & 300 slaves

27. Underground RR

28. Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Harriet Beecher Stowe 1852 • Lived in Cincinnati • Instant best seller • Argues that slavery changes normal people • Helped Abolitionist cause • Banned in the South

29. Abolitionists • William Lloyd Garrison • Frederick Douglass

30. Dred Scott decision • Dred Scott a MO slave and lives in Wisconsin for 2 years • Back in MO & sues for freedom • Case appealed and ends at SC • Scott has no right to sue in federal court • Due process & property • MO Compromise is unconstitutional

31. Lincoln- Douglass Debates • 1858 Senatorial election in Illinois • Stephen Douglass v. Abraham Lincoln Douglass Lincoln

32. Debates • Slavery a hot topic • Douglass argues that Lincoln wants racial equality, but he promises he doesn’t • Douglass wanted popular sovereignty . . . He believed it would die out anyways • Douglass wins due to his aggressiveness, but destroys his chance of wining presidential election in 1860

34. Harper’s Ferry • John Brown- divine right hand of God • His plan- take group of men and capture the US arsenal • Slaves will naturally join him • United front will take on plantation owners • October 16, 1859 • No slaves come! • Federal troops put down the raid (Lee)

35. Reaction to the attack • South-Fear, condemnation • North- frown on Brown at 1st, but later see him as a martyr • Increased tension b/w regions

36. Missouri Compromise Election of 1848 Compromise of 1850 Kansas Nebraska Act Bleeding Kansas New political parties Dred Scott decision Harper’s Ferry Economic differences Election of 1860 Steps to war . . .

37. Election of 1860 • April 1860 Democratic Convention in Charleston • Bad location • South wants party to denounce PS • “fire-eaters” • Douglass expecting nomination, but trouble occurs • AL delegates walk out when party refuses to denounce PS • 50 men follow (1/3 of delegates) • Can’t get enough votes at Convention • Reconvene in Baltimore (Douglass) • Party spilt . . . No way they will win

38. Republicans • Chicago, IL • Good chance of winning • Platform • No expansion of slavery • High tariff • Advocate Homestead Act- give land to those who move to territories • Candidate: Lincoln after 3 tries

39. Vote!! Vote!! Vote!! • Election of 1860 • 4 candidates: • John Breckinridge (S Dems) • Stephen Douglas (N Dems) • John Bell (Constitutional Union Party- wins border states • Lincoln (Rep) • Wins most of votes • 40% of popular vote

40. Electoral Votes

41. South’s reaction • Secession theory: • Each state was a sovereign body until joining the Union, they just agreed to give over some rights • When gov’t breaks contract, they have the right to leave • What causes the South to believe the contract has been broken?? • Lincoln’s election (tyranny)

42. SC Holds the 1st state convention to decide Dec. 1860 • Thought the energy would move to other states • It does, but not all southerners were pro-secession • 3 groups of Southerners: • Unionists- no right to leave • Fire-eaters- radicals • Cooperationist or conditional unionists- majority • Didn’t want to leave unless there’s an overt act by the North • Example: Alexander Stephens- wants to give Lincoln a chance

43. Secession in order . . .

44. Georgia & Secession

45. Montgomery, AL • February 1861 • 7 states meet to write a constitution • Slavery allowed • Secession forbidden • Moderates in charge • Jefferson Davis- president • Alexander Stephens- VP

46. South Carolina • All over South- start capturing arsenals • South demands surrender of Fort Sumter (Charleston) • Robert Anderson pleads to Lincoln for help • In March 1861, Lincoln makes a speech • Won’t make the 1st shot • Will protect federal laws & property

47. Fort Sumter • Lincoln sends supplies and South refuses to allow them • PT Beauregard (S) advises Anderson to give up • April 12th 4:30 pm 1st cannons fired • April 14th Anderson surrenders ** Lincoln says this is an attack and calls for troops! *** VA, AK, TN, & NC follow