Chapter 4: Muscular System

1. Chapter 4: Muscular System Mrs. Spearman Medical Terminology

2. Objectives 1. I can describe the functions and structures of the muscular system.

3. Functions of the Muscular System • Hold the body erect and make movement possible. • Muscle movement generates nearly 85% of the heat that keeps the body warm. • Move food through the digestive system. • Aids the flow of blood through veins

4. Organs of the Muscular System • 600 Muscles • tendons

5. Types of Muscles • There are 3 types of muscles: • Skeletal Muscles • Smooth Muscles • Myocardial Muscles

6. Skeletal Muscles • Attach to bones • Also known as voluntary muscles • Voluntary means we have conscious control of these muscles • Also known as striated muscles • Muscles appear striped under the microscope

7. Smooth Muscles • Also known as involuntary or unstriated muscles • Involuntary means we do not have conscious control over the muscles. • Smooth muscles are found in the hollow digestive and urinary systems

8. Myocardial Muscles • Also known as cardiac muscles • This muscle is involuntary also. • Found in the heart

9. Objective • I can identify and define terms related to muscle movements. • I can identify medical specialist associated with the Muscular System.

10. Abduction vs. Adduction • Abduction—movement of a limb away from the midline • Adduction—movement of a limb toward the midline

11. Arm Flexion vs. Extension • Flexion—bending a limb at its joint • Extension—straightening of a limb at a joint

12. Leg Flexion and Extension

13. Rotation vsCircumduction Rotation – circular movement in which limb rotates on an axis. Circumduction– Circular motion in which limb traces out the shape of a cone.

14. Pronation and Supination Pronation – turn wrist so palm faces (down) posteriorly Supination – turn wrist so palm faces (up) anteriorly Can also be done with entire body Face down = Prone Face Up = Supine

15. Dorsiflexion vs. Plantar Flexion Dorsiflexion – ankle movement that bends the foot upward Plantar flexion– ankle movement that bends the foot downward (Point Toe)

16. Write It! • The _________ muscles are under voluntary control. • Turning of the hand so the palm is upward is __________________. • ___________ is pointing the toes. • ______________ is bending the arm at the elbow. • ______________ is moving the arm toward the midline.

17. Write It! • The _____________ and __________ muscles are under involuntary control. • Turning your head from left to right is known as ________________. • Turning the palm face down is know as __________________.

18. Medical Specialties • Exercise physiologist—coordinate exercise programs and administer medical tests to promote fitness • Neurologist– a physician that treats paralysis and muscular disorders • Physiatrist (physical therapist)—a physician specialize in physical medicine and rehabilitation • Rheumatologist—a physician treats arthritis and connective tissue disorders

19. Sports medicine physician—treats sports-related injuries of the bones, joints, and muscles.

20. Objective • I can identify and define terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedure of the muscular system.

21. Tendon—attaches a muscle to bone

22. Pathology of the Muscular System • Tenodynia or tenalgia– pain in a tendon • Tendinitis—inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive use of a joint • Fibromyalgia syndrome—condition characterized by fatigue and/or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain

23. Muscle Disorders • Atrophy--muscle weakness or wearing away of muscles due to disuse of muscle • Myalgia (myodynia)—pain in the muslces • Myocele– herniation (protrusion) of a muscle through a tear in the tissues surrounding it • Myolysis—degeneration of muscle tissue

24. Muscle Disorder cont. • Myomalacia—abnormal softening of a muscle • Myorrhexis—rupture or tearing of a muscle • Polymyositis—inflammation of the many muscles

25. Muscle Atrophy

26. Myocele

27. Myorrhexis

28. Muscle Tone (tonus) • Tonic—pertaining to a muscle • Atonic—pertaining to lack of normal muscle tone or strength • Dystonia—a condition of abnormal tone that causes impairment of voluntary movement • Hypertonia—a condition of excessive tone of the skeletal muscles • Hypotonia—a condition of reduced tone of the skeletal muscles

29. Voluntary Muscle Movement • Ataxia—inability to coordinate muscle activity during voluntary movement because of brain issues • Dystaxia—mild form of ataxia • Spasm—sudden, violent, involuntary contraction of one or more muscles • Cramp—muscle spasm named for its cause such as heat cramp or writer’s cramp • Spasmodic torticollis—”wryneck” stiff neck due to muscle spasm in neck

30. Muscle Function • Bradykinesia—extreme slowness in movement • Dyskinesia—distortion or impairment of voluntary movement such as a spasm • Hyperkinesia—abnormally increased muscle function or activity • Hypokinesia—abnormally decreased muscle function or activity

31. Myoclonus • Myoclonus—sudden, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles • Nocturnal Myoclonus—jerking of the limbs that can occur while a person is falling asleep • Singultus—hiccups; myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm