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ROME

ROME. 1. Civilization A. Brought the light of civilized existence to tribal societies. Assimilated the contributions of superior cultures. Unified vast territories and different peoples under one rule ( through a common legal system, bureaucracy and language). . 2. Civilization B.

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ROME

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  1. ROME

  2. 1. Civilization A • Brought the light of civilized existence to tribal societies. • Assimilated the contributions of superior cultures. • Unified vast territories and different peoples under one rule (through a common legal system, bureaucracy and language).

  3. 2. Civilization B • Brought other populations under their control through military aggression. • Exterminated foreign populations through war. • Enslaved foreign peoples: force labor, deportation. • Seized and occupied foreign lands with settlers. • Violently repressed uprisings of native populations • Supported repressive foreign regimes in exchange for adherence from the ruling classes. • Treated leniently non-confrontational civilizations: self-rule in exchange for taxes or military support

  4. 3. Roman civilization • Barbaric peoples, tribes • Superior civilization • Freedom, liberation • Expansion, unification, pacification, civilization

  5. 3. Roman civilization • The Roman empire was the largest and most perdurable of the western world in Ancient times. • It lasted around 700 years.

  6. 3. Roman civilization Consequences of the unification of the Mediterranean under Roman rule: • Common body of Law • Roman technical advances created new infrastructure • Improvement in communications • A more homogeneous society • Latin as a common language • Preserved, added to and transmitted the Greek body of knowledge (literature, architecture, philosophy, science…) .

  7. 3. Roman civilization • Human cost of domination • 1,000,000 Gauls exterminated by Caesar. • Some German and Gallic tribes disappeared and with them their way of life. • Large portions of foreign populations enslaved and savagely repressed when they revolted: Spartacus and 6,000 followers crucified, Carthage destroyed.

  8. 4. Historical outline Three main periods: • Roman Monarchy (753 to 509 BCE) • Roman Republic (509 to 31 BCE) • Roman Empire (31 BCE to 248 AD)

  9. 5. Roman monarchy: Etruscans Roman Monarchy (753 BCE to 509 BCE) Etruscan influence in Rome

  10. 5. Roman monarchy: Etruscans Etruscan art

  11. 5. Roman Monarchy Features of the Roman Monarchy: (753 BCE to 509 BCE) • Rome is dominated by the Etruscans • Rural society (shepherds) • City states • Myths: Aeneas, Romulus and Remus, Sabine women.

  12. 6. Roman Republic Roman Republic (509 BCE to 31 BCE) • Government: • Two consuls • Senate • Assembly • Magistracies (public administrators) • Restricted democracy: indirect representation

  13. 6. Roman Republic • Social conflicts: • Patricians (aristocracy, ruling class) and plebeians (disenfranchised middle class) • Aristocrats (ruling families) and the equestrian class (soldiers enriched by foreign wars)

  14. 6. Roman Republic • Military campaigns: • Conquest of Italy (Etruscans, Greeks, Italic peoples) • Punic Wars (264-146 BCE) against the Carthaginians. • Conquest of the East: Hellenistic kingdoms (146 BCE) • Conquest of the West: Gaul (60-44 BCE).

  15. 6. Roman Republic: Expansion The Mediterranean before Roman expansion

  16. 6. Roman Republic: Punic Wars

  17. 6. Roman Republic: Punic Wars. • Punic wars: • Carthage is the capital of the Carthaginians (Poeni) • Hannibal: Carthaginian general • Scipio: Roman general • Consequence of the war: Rome conquers the Western Mediterranean (Sicily, Spain, Northern Africa).

  18. 6. Roman Republic: Hellenistic kingdoms Conquest of the Hellenistic kingdoms (146 BCE-31 BCE): Macedonia, Greece, Asia Minor (Pergamum), Syria, Egypt (Cleopatra)…

  19. 6. Roman Republic: Gaul Conquest of the Gaul by Julius Caesar (60-44 BCE).

  20. 7. Roman Empire • Government: emperor • Octavian (Augustus) 31-14 BCE: Pax Romana • Absolute power of the emperor • Consolidation of Roman power and administration in all the provinces

  21. 7. Roman Empire Maximum expansion of the Roman empire (116 AD)

  22. 7. Roman empire: comparison

  23. 8. Topics • Army and empire • Opulence and decadence • Cruelty and spectacle • Daily life in Pompeii

  24. 9. Opulence and decandence

  25. 9. Opulence and decadence • Frugalitas(austerity) • Mosmaiorum(customs of the ancestors) • Moral decline is associated with wealth and foreign influence • Problematic relationship with Greek art and literature (extravagant)

  26. 9. Opulence and decadence • Reasons for the “myth”: • Wealthy aristocrats: art collectors, owners of magnificent villas … • Banquet: means of political networking • Roman invective (political attacks): accusations of decadence.

  27. 10. Cruelty and spectacle:

  28. 10. Cruelty and spectacle

  29. 10. Cruelty and spectacle: naumachia

  30. 10. Cruelty and spectacle: the circus

  31. 11. Daily life: the house The Roman House • Vestibule: images of ancestors • Atrium: entrance courtyard • Tablinum: office • Peristyle: backyard/ garden

  32. 11. Daily life: the house • Walls decorated with frescoes • Floor covered with mosaics • Scarce furniture

  33. 11. Daily Life: the house Tablinum (dining room) Peristylum

  34. 11. Daily life: Baths • Baths: • Daily ritual • Cultural and sports complex: library, lectures, gyms, swimming pool, sauna, gardens, (and of course prostitutes, food, board games…) • Hygiene: daily bath

  35. 11. Daily life: Baths Caldarium (hot sauna) Natatio (swimming pool)

  36. 11. Daily life: Baths Piscina mirabilis (cistern) Aqueducts

  37. 11. Daily life Playing dice Tavern

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