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18.3 – The Mughal Empire

18.3 – The Mughal Empire. Beginnings. Descendants of Genghis Khan & Tamerlane ~1000: Turkish armies invade India & establish the Delhi Sultanate Treat Hindus as conquered peoples Rule from Delhi for nearly 400 years 1398: Tamerlane destroys the city

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18.3 – The Mughal Empire

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  1. 18.3 – The Mughal Empire

  2. Beginnings • Descendants of Genghis Khan & Tamerlane • ~1000: Turkish armies invade India & establish the Delhi Sultanate • Treat Hindus as conquered peoples • Rule from Delhi for nearly 400 years • 1398: Tamerlane destroys the city • 1494: Babur establishes foundation for Mughal Empire • Excellent general

  3. Akbar • Known as the “Great” • Rules for almost 50 years • Military: Aggressive commander • Used artillery to conquer many walled cities • Political: Appointed rajputs as officers = allies & unification • Empire of 100 million people

  4. Akbar (cont.) • Allowed religious freedom • Married Hindus w/o conversion • Abolished the tax for non-Muslims • Everyone could rise to a high government post • Leads to quality leadership • Ex: fair income tax system = massive wealth • Land policies prevented development of a feudal system

  5. Culture • Welcomed emissaries from all over the world = cultural diffusion • Languages: Persian, Hindi, & Urdu • Books & miniature paintings flourished • Revival in Hindu literature • Poem of Ramayana • Architecture: Massive, intricate stone structures • Akbar period architecture

  6. Successors • Jahangir, Akbar’s son, let wife rule state affairs = an iron hand • Princess NurJahan • Brilliant politician & real ruler of India • Dispute with Khusrau (son) leads to religious conflict • Turns to the Sikhs (nonviolent religious group) • Target of Mughal hatred

  7. Shah Jahan • Successor to Jahangir • Assassinated all political rivals • Passion for buildings & his wife, MumtazMahal • 1631: Mahal dies giving birth • Commissions a beautiful tomb to be built for her = the TajMahal

  8. Suffering • People suffer greatly under Jahan’s rule • Famine & high taxes to facilitate ruler’s lifestyle • 1657: Jahan becomes ill and a civil war b/w his sons erupts over power • Aurangzeb kills oldest brother & imprisons father

  9. Aurangzeb • Master strategist & builder • Expands empire to greatest size • Empire’s power weakens = oppressive • Outlawed many activities & appointed censors • Brings back tax on non-Muslims • Outraged Hindus = rebellion • Birth of Marathas • Levies high taxes to pay for war = more problems w/ more territory gained

  10. Mughal Empire (c. 1700)

  11. Decline & Decay • Empire drained of resources • 2 million+ die from famine • Power shift: Local rulers gain power • War of succession upon Aurangzeb’s death • Mughal Emperor now rules a patchwork of independent states • European traders establish posts in India • Aurangzeb gives them the port of Bombay

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