Reconstruction (1865-1876)

1. Reconstruction (1865-1876)

2. Reconstruction • The re-uniting of the Nation after the Civil War.

3. Key Questions 1. How do webring the Southback into the Union? 4. What branchof governmentshould controlthe process ofReconstruction? 2. How do we rebuild the South after itsdestruction during the war? 3. How do weprotect newly-emancipatedblack freedmen?

4. Wartime Reconstruction

5. President Lincoln’s Plan • 10% Plan • Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers. • When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized. • “……with malice towards none……” • Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address

6. 13th Amendment • Ratified in December, 1865. • Outlaws slavery forever in the United States

7. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) • Designed to help freedmen (former slaves). • Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.

8. Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes Plenty to eat and nothing to do.

9. Freedmen’s Bureau School

10. Presidential Reconstruction

11. President Andrew Johnson Wanted to make it easy for Southern states to rejoin the Union

12. President Johnson’s Plan (10%+) • Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000. • In new constitutions, they must accept minimumconditions against slavery, secession and state debts. • Appointed governors in Confederate states.

13. Growing Northern Alarm! • Johnson’s plan was unpopular with some Northerners because it didn’t punish the South.

14. Black Codes • Purpose: • Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated. • Keep blacks poor and dependent on whites. • Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers[tenant farmers].

15. Congress Breaks with the President • February, 1866  Presidentvetoed the Freedmen’sBureau bill. • March, 1866  Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act. • Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes  1st in U. S. history!!

16. Radical (Congressional) Reconstruction

17. 14th Amendment • Ratified in July, 1868. • Provides citizenship to former slaves. • Extends rights to former slaves • Southern states would be punished for denying the rights to black citizens!

18. Radical Plan for Readmission • Military would oversee Reconstruction. • Required new state constitutions, includingblack suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments.

19. Reconstruction Acts of 1867 • Military Reconstruction Act • Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment. • Divide the 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5 military districts.

20. President Johnson’s Impeachment • The House impeached Johnson by a vote of 126 – 47!

21. The Senate Trial • 11 week trial. • Johnson acquitted (not guilty)35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).

22. Big Changes in the South

23. Black Senate & House Delegates • Hiram Revels becomes the first African-American elected to the Senate. • Revels was elected by voters in Miss Replaced J. Davis.

24. Black Senate & House Delegates

25. 15th Amendment • Ratified in 1870. • Grants the right to vote to former slaves (males only) over 21. • Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!

26. The Failure of Federal Enforcement • Ku Klux Klan • Began to terrorize blacks in the South. • Looking for revenge for Radical Reconstruction

27. The “Invisible Empire of the South”

28. The 1868 Republican Ticket

29. 1868 Presidential Election Ulysses S. Grant becomes President

30. Grant Administration Problems • Grant presided over an era of unprecedented growth and corruption.

33. The Election of 1872 • Rumors of corruption during Grant’s first term discredit Republicans.

34. The Panic of 1873 • Beginning of a 6 year economic depression in the U.S. • Prices rose and value of money dropped • Marks the end of Reconstruction