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Pre-Renaissance

Pre-Renaissance. Late Medieval Europe 1200’s - 1300’s. Goal (Purpose of this ppt):

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Pre-Renaissance

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  1. Pre-Renaissance • Late Medieval Europe • 1200’s - 1300’s Goal (Purpose of this ppt): You should be able to identify and explain the main characteristics of late medieval Europe so that you can compare this era with the Renaissance era. Think about continuities and changes between this era and the next.

  2. Medieval Europe:From fall of Roman Empire to the Renaissance • Politically – Feudal states – the lords’ militaries were more powerful than the kings’ armies • Role of religion – The Catholic Church was very powerful as were popes who also had secular powers • Society – Feudal – everyone’s place in society was based on how they fit into the feudal structure 2

  3. Developments in England and France • The Hundred Years’ War (1337 – 1453) • France vs. England • Effects: • England - Parliament, taxes • France - Estates General, king, taxes, the gabelle, a tax on salt; the taille, a national tax which nobles and the clergy were exempted from paying; peasants sometimes rebelled against these taxes – for example the Jacqueri Rebellions of 1358 • Also occurring: England – War of the Roses 1455 – 1487, Lancastrians (red rose) vs. Yorkists (white rose) Henry VII of the House of Lancaster wins and being the Tudor Dynasty.

  4. “German Particularism” Holy Roman Empire Habsburg or Hapsburg of Austria/Spain: Charles I - King of Spain / Charles V - H.R.E. 1519 - 1556 1516 - 1556 4

  5. The Catholic Church - vocabulary • The clergy and the laity • The Papal States • Papacy, Holy See • Bull • ecclesiastical • secular, worldly • The Holy Roman Empire

  6. The Catholic Church 13th C. Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris a Gothic church • Height of power • nepotism • simony • Benefice System • Sale of indulgences • Inquisition begins 1231 - fines, taking of property and imprisonment • excommunication 6

  7. Analyzing Documents “We are taught by the words of the Gospel that in this Church and in her power there are two swords, a spiritual one and a temporal one. For when the apostles said ‘Here are two swords’ (Luke 22:38), meaning in the church since it was the apostles who spoke, the Lord did not reply that it was too many but enough. Certainly anyone who denies that the temporal sword is in the power of Peter has not paid heed to the words of the Lord when he said, ‘Put up thy sword into its sheath’ (Matthew 26:52). Both then are in the power of the Church, the material sword and the spiritual…. Therefore, if the earthly power errs, it shall be judged by the spiritual power, if a lesser spiritual power errs it shall be judged by its superior, but if the supreme spiritual power errs it can be judged only by God no by man…. Therefore we declare, state, define and pronounce that it is altogether necessary to salvation for every human creature to be subject to the Roman Pontiff.” Source: Unam Sanctam, written by Pope Poniface VIII in 1302 Summarize – explain what it says in your own words/ Analyze: add to it by explaining the why, how and/or impact of the document

  8. 3 events that further weakened The Church • The Avignon Papacy 1309 - 1377 • The Great Schism 1378 – 1417 – Christendom had two popes • The Conciliar Movement 1400’s - 1450’s: The Council of Pisa (1409), The Council of Constance (1414 – 1418) which ends the Great Schism • Popes now set out to rebuild the church’s image. 8

  9. Avignon Papacy 1309 - 1377

  10. Important Writings during The Avignon Papacy:Marsilius of Padua Defender of the Peace1324

  11. Great Schism • Two Popes = 40 years • 1378 - 1417

  12. Conciliar Movement a reaction to the Great Schism • Council of Constance 1414 - 1417 • ends Great Schism • Council of Basel 1431 - 1449 - no burning - negotiates with reformers of bohemia - hussites John Huss burned at the stake 1415 12

  13. Attempts to Reform Church Reformer from England - • John Wycliff(1320 - 1384) Oxford theologian, scripture in vernacular, challenges pope, leaders, idea of transubstantiation – His followers known as the Lollards in England • Reformer/priest from Bohemia, part of Holy Roman Empire - John Huss (1369 - 1415) - Followers: Hussites in Bohemia – cup of wine for laypeople too – the chalice – ordered to defend his views at the Council of Constance - 1415 13

  14. What is the status of the Catholic Church when the Renaissance era begins? • The rise of strong monarchs weakened popes • worldliness of church brings out critics and reformers • conciliar movement will be followed by worldly and corrupt renaissance popes • northern renaissance brings more critical writings • Luther makes it all happen = Protestant Reformation

  15. Black Death or Bubonic Plague 1347 - 1665 • Boccaccio’s Decameron (1353) • Results of the Black Death nobility peasants townspeople king church “Town Air Brings Freedom” The Hanseatic League – monopolized trade 15

  16. Science and Technology • Gunpowder • Printing Press • Compass • astrolabe

  17. The Nobles, the Clergy and the peasantry • Privileges of the nobility • privileges of the Clergy – can you name some? • burdens of the peasantry – taxes, due to nobles and tithe to church

  18. Peasants • Status • Rebellions: • Jacquerie Rebellion 1358 - France • Ciompi Revolt 1378 - urban workers - Florence, Italy – wages and working conditions • Great Rebellion 1381 – England – peasants – taxes due to Hundred Years’ War

  19. How did rulers centralize their power? • establish bureaucracies - royal officials loyal to king • establish efficient tax collecting systems • sales of offices and confiscating lands from nobles or church as another means of increasing state revenues = nobles of the robe • main expense = maintaining a standing army, replaced dependence on mercenaries

  20. Rulers centralize power (continues) • tame the aristocracy - form alliance with middle class in towns and creates new nobles by selling titles • codifying the laws and creating royal courts • religious control

  21. Privileges of nobility • inherited wealth - land • idleness • representative bodies

  22. Privileges of clergy • village priest different than a cardinal in rome • monks, friars = ascetic life • bishops and cardinals = worldly life

  23. Medieval Art, Architecture and Literature: Berlinghiero’s “Madonna and Child” 12th century Maesta Altarpiece (1308-11)By Duccio di Buoninsegna.

  24. Medieval Architecture Romanesque Cloister of St. Trophime, 12th c. Gothic Notre Dame, 13th c. Jamb statues, Royal portals, Chartres Cathedral 1145-70

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