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Organic Functional Groups

Organic Functional Groups. What is a functional Group?. Element, Compound, or entire chain that replaces a hydrogen on a hydrocarbon chain Alter the properties of the original hydrocarbon Create a new molecule with unique properties

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Organic Functional Groups

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  1. Organic Functional Groups

  2. What is a functional Group? • Element, Compound, or entire chain that replaces a hydrogen on a hydrocarbon chain • Alter the properties of the original hydrocarbon • Create a new molecule with unique properties • Always have the lowest number assigned to them when placed on a molecule

  3. Halides • Formed when at least one halogen (Group 17 element) has been added to a hydrocarbon • Typically are used as pesticides and organic solvents • Follow all normal rules when naming and drawing halides

  4. Formation of Halocarbons (Substitution Reactions) • Hydrocarbon + Halogen • Only works with ALKANES!!! • One hydrogen from the alkane is replaced by one group 17 element per reaction cycle • Products are a halocarbon and an acid

  5. Alcohols • At least one hydrogen has been replaced by the hydroxyl group (OH) • This hydroxyl group (OH) does NOT IONIZE SO THESE ARE NOT BASES!!!! • Non-Electrolytes • Polar • Soluble in water up to 4 carbons (Butanol)

  6. Types of Alcohols • 1. Primary Alcohol– The carbon with the OH group is only in direct contact with one other carbon • Typically found on the end of a chain • 2. Secondary Alcohol– The carbon with the OH group is in direct contact with 2 carbon atoms • Middle of the chain with no branching • 3. Tertiary Alcohol—The carbon with the OH group is in contact with 3 other Carbon atoms • Middle with a branching chain

  7. Naming and Drawing Alcohols • Follow all basic rules • Carbon with OH gets lowest number and if multiple OH Groups are attached start at the end that gives all of them the lowest numbers possible • 1 OH—ol ending • 2 OH groups– diol • 3 OH groups– triol

  8. 3. Aldehydes

  9. Properties • Oxygen is attached by a double bond to a carbon on the end of the chain • End with “al” • Ex: Ethanal • Number the chain starting at the end of the molecule where the functional group is located and follow all basic naming rules

  10. 4. Ketones

  11. Notes • Similar to Aldehydes • Ketones are fats or lipid based molecules • Functional group is in the middle of the chain but still has a double bonded oxygen • End with “one” • Ex: Propanone • Number the chain so the group has the lowest number possible • Ketoacidosis is a condition that diabetics get when they use only fats for energy--- can kill them

  12. 5. Ethers • Composed of 2 alkyl group chains connected together by an oxygen in the middle • Name in order from left to right • Used as anesthesia and is still a component of most anesthetics

  13. 6. Organic Acids • Weak Acids that have the carboxyl group (COOH) • Attached typically to the end of a chain but can be moved around • End with “oicacid” • Ex: Methanoic Acid • Weak electrolytes/Do not ionize completely • pH typically greater than 3 • Follow typical rules when naming/drawing

  14. 7. Esters • Formed when an organic acid is combined with an alcohol during a chemical reaction • Water is one of the products along with the ester • Esters are molecules that produce smells both good and bad and they can add flavor to a food as well • 2x bonded oxygen is in the middle and the molecule is held together by an “ester bridge”

  15. 8. Amines • Any amine is a derivative of ammonia (NH3) • Formed when one, two, or all three of the hydrogen atoms on an ammonia molecule are replaced by an alkyl group • Amino acids contain an amine group combined with a carboxylic acid group. • Named by placing “amine” at the end of the name • Ex: Methyl amine

  16. Amines Continued • If an amine has one alkyl group attached to it, it’s a primary amine • Two alkyl groups make it secondary • Three make it tertiary • Number amine molecules just like all others making sure the amine group(s) have the lowest numbers possible

  17. 9. Amides • Formed from the reaction between two amino acids • One acids hydrogen reacts with another acids OH group • This is a condensation reaction because water is a product along with an amide • Form large molecules held together by peptide bonds • Named by isolating the alkyl group that is left along with the acid that reacts • Ex; Methyl amide

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