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Social Justice on the Caribbean and Latin American Coast. Fabio de Castro CEDLA. Latin America and the Caribbean. ◆ 20 million km 2 ◆ 570 million people ◆ 30+ countries ◆ History of social inequality ◆ Cultural and environmental diversity ◆ Vulnerable poor population.
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Social Justice on the Caribbean and Latin American Coast Fabio de Castro CEDLA
Latin America and the Caribbean ◆20 million km2 ◆ 570 million people ◆ 30+ countries ◆ History of social inequality ◆ Cultural and environmental diversity ◆ Vulnerable poor population
◆8% of the world population ◆25% of the potential arable land ◆40% of tropical forest ◆30-50% animal/plant biodiversity ◆23% of livestock ◆30% of freshwater reserves ◆ Important source of fish resources LAC and Natural Resources
Conflicting Interests overNatural Resources Climate Governance Commodities Demand Global Economic Growth Regional Political Position National Employment Food Security Social Reproduction Local
LAC Coast ◆ Colonization through coastal zone ◆ Coastal ecosystems and population highly affected ◆ Limited regulations/enforcement ◆ Dual process • Local Communities in Isolated Areas • Community-based settlements • Local management system • Food security and income • Political invisibility Frontier Unregulated Development Urbanization Overexploitation Habitat Degradation Pollution
Recent Changes: Encounter of Two Worlds ◆Environmental changes Climate: sea temperature, storms Resource degradation ◆Economic changes New frontiers Infrastructure Large-scale activities ◆Social/Political Pink tide Increased social organizations Institutional innovations
Increased Vulnerability of the Poor ◆ Living in fragile areas ◆ Insufficient land ◆ Insecure land tenure ◆ Reliance on natural resources ◆ Unemployment ◆ Food insecurity ◆ Increased risks - landsides, flooding ◆ Environment linked to social justice discourse
Inequalities • ◆ Power asymmetries: financial, information, political • ◆Value of natural resources • ◆ Local, national, and international demands • ◆ Distribution of environmental benefits, costs and vulnerabilities • ◆ Adaptation capacity
Socioenvironmental Interactions State Systemic Approach Marine Protected Areas Sector Approach Value Chain . Quotas . Certification . Infrastructure . Taxation . Co-Management . Territorial Rights . Technical Assistance . Subsidies Supporting actors (CSOs, researchers, donnors, midia) Community Private Ecotourism
Inshore Fisheries ◆Social value: employment, food security ◆Different ecosystems (reefs, mangrove, lagoons, etc) ◆Diversified technology ◆Commons: difficult to exclude and implies subtractability ◆Land/Water interface – systemic approach ◆Multiple purpose Luxury food - export – industrial fishing and aquaculture Standard food - regional market – local employment Low-income food - subsistence - food security Non food market – fishmeal, oil, other products
Fishing Intensification ◆Absence of formal property rights ◆New technologies since the 60’s ◆New fishing frontiers ◆Local resistance: fishing-related conflicts ◆Erosion of local management systems ◆Establishment of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs): ecological perspective, exclusion of local users
MPAs in Latin America and the Caribbean ◆ Over 750 areas ◆ Over half in the Caribbean ◆ 300,000 km2 ◆ 1.5% coast ◆ Under-represented areas Source: Conservation BiologyVolume 22, Issue 6, pages 1630-1640, 19 AUG 2008 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01023.xhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01023.x/full#f1
Brazil Coast ◆ 8,400 km ◆ 70% GDP ◆ 34 ports - $100 billion/yr ◆ Large-scale economic activities: Heavily pollution industries Industrial fisheries Tourism Shrimp farming Offshore oil ◆ Coastal deforestation: 94% ◆Artisanal fishing >40% fish landing 2 million people involved
Coastal Population ◆ 40% pop. living in coastal cities ◆ 20% pop. living in coastal zone ◆ Traditional populations 4.5 million people 176 million ha Indigenous Non-Indigenous groups (Caiçaras, Jangadeiros, Maroons) Landless peasants
Social Injustices ◆ Local communities: dislocated, fragmented, marginalized ◆ Threatened livelihood: Access to land and resources ◆ Conflict with large-scale fishers ◆ Habitat degradation ◆ Tourism development ◆ Urbanization ◆ Protected Areas – no take or restricted zones
Path for Social Justice ◆1980s: Rural social movements Liberation theology Greening discourse ◆1990s: Traditional territories Indigenous Lands Extractive Reserves ◆2000s: Broader perspective SNUC: Sustainable territories Marine Extractive Reserves New ministries Inter-ministerial arrangements
Marine Extractive Reserves ◆ Unique model inspired from RESEX – Amazonian upland ◆ Community-based – site-specific territories ◆ Identity-based - culturally distinct groups ◆ Traditional knowledge ◆ Livelihood-oriented – tenure, employment, food security ◆ Multi-use land-sea resources – fishing, agriculture, forest ◆ Hybrid goals – conservation, livelihood, social justice ◆ Co-management strategy - participatory Management Plan ◆ Easy to create, difficult to implement!
Marine Extractive Reserves ◆ Proliferation of MER ◆ 28 MER – 735,000 ha ◆ 68 MER under evaluation ◆ Quick creation process ◆ Slow Implementation process: Management Plan ◆ Increased restriction to local communities ◆ Success and failure Source: Diegues, A.C. 2008. Marine Protected Areas and Artisanal Fisheries in Brazil, pp. 8, 22 http://icsf.net/icsf2006/uploads/publications/monograph/pdf/english/issue_99/ALL.pdf
Implementation models Top-Down Social Inclusion “Quick and dirty” process Unclear local demands Conflicting motivations State and Elite capture! CHALLENGES AND TRAPS Long and solid process Clear local demands Support from external actors Complementing motivations Bottom-up Social Inclusion
Persistent Challenges ◆ Limited organizational capacity: state and communities! ◆ External pressures ◆ Lack of monitoring and enforcement ◆ Terrestrial approach to coastal zone ◆ Different perceptions between state and users ◆ Distrust on state agencies
New Traps ◆Cost of conservation transferred to ethnic populations Transfer of tasks to users – overburden Increased restrictions De-peasantization: ecotourism, low impact “extractive” activities Transboundaries issues ◆Fragmentation of rural social movements Ethnogenesis: identity politics Polarization between “traditional” and “non-traditional” populations ◆Reinforcement of Inequality State “compliance” of social inclusion policies (“participatory” process) Commoditization of poverty Legitimization of unsustainable production elsewhere High priced fish by industrial fishing/aquaculture - low priced fish by artisanal fishers
Final Remarks: New victories, new struggles ◆ New territorial models leading to new inequalities ◆ Decentralization and new social relations: state, elite groups, researchers and CSOs ◆ Inclusion of ethnic groups leads to exclusion of non-ethnic groups ◆ Ethnic communities beyond “traditional” life