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The Skeletal System

The Skeletal System. Skeletal system…. Is made up of hard tissues like bone and cartilages. Gives form and shape to animal body The skeleton of a living animal is made up living structures of bones. The bones have blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves.

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The Skeletal System

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  1. The Skeletal System Anato/Skelsyst/pj

  2. Skeletal system… • Is made up of hard tissues like bone and cartilages. • Gives form and shape to animal body • The skeleton of a living animal is made up living structures of bones. • The bones have blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves. • They are subject to disease, repair themselves and adjust to changes during stress. Anato/Skelsyst/pj

  3. Functions of Bones 1.Protection: of some vital organs from the external damages -important function CNS is protected by the skull and vertebral column; the heart and lungs by rib cage; and pelvis protects the internal parts of urogenital system. 2.Rigidity and form to the body: animals without a skeleton of some type have little or no regular form. Gives a basis for the external structure and appearance of most animals. Anato/Skelsyst/pj

  4. 3.Act as lever: in the vertebrates, locomotion, defense, offense, grasping, and other activities .Almost without exception, these levers are made of bone and are integral parts of skeleton. 4.Storage of minerals: -dynamic storage area for minerals, particularly calcium and phosphorous. 5.Site for blood formation: blood formation is not strictly a function of bone proper, but of the marrow found within the marrow cavity of long bones and within the spongy substance of all young bones. Anato/Skelsyst/pj

  5. Classification of bones Any bone may be classified into one of the following groups:   I. Long bones: • relatively cylindrical in shape with two extremities called epiphyses. • Metaphysis between each epiphysis and the diaphysis. • A long bone grows in length only at the epiphyseal cartilage which is located within the metaphysis. Anato/Skelsyst/pj

  6. Long bone Epiphysis Metaphysis Medullary Cavity Diaphysis Metaphysis Epiphysis Anato/Skelsyst/pj

  7. Examples of long bones - pectoral limb, humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, phalanges; pelvic limb, femur, fibula, tibia, metatarsals and phalanges. 2. Short bones • Somewhat cuboid in shape i.e approximately equal in all dimensions. • No marrow cavity. • Found in complex joints such as the carpus (knee) and tarsus (hock). • Example of short bones: Patella. Anato/Skelsyst/pj

  8. Function: - for variety of movement - absorption of shock 3.Flat bones • relatively thin and expanded in two dimensions. • Consist of two plats of compact substance, lamina externa and lamina interna, • Separated by diploe. • Example -frontal base of skull, scapula and pelvic bones • Functions: - protects vital organs such as brain, the heart and lungs. • - many provide large areas for muscle attachment. Anato/Skelsyst/pj

  9. 4. Sesamoid bones: they are developed along the course of tendons. Example: Patella (knee cap) is the largest sesamoid in the body. Functions: -reduces friction or change the course of tendons. - may change the angle of the pull of muscles and this give a greater mechanical advantage. 5. Pneumaticbones: they contain air spaces or sinuses that communicate with the exterior. Example: long bones of bird, frontal bones and maxillary bones of the skull. Anato/Skelsyst/pj

  10. 6. Irregular bones: are unpaired bones located on the median plane and include the vertebrae and some of the unpaired bones of the skull. Functions: - protection, support and muscle attachment. Anato/Skelsyst/pj

  11. Bored???? Anato/Skelsyst/pj

  12. TWO PARTS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM For better understanding the skeletal system can be divided into two part: • Axial skeleton • Appendicular skeleton. 1.AXIAL SKELETON is made up of skull, and vertebral column sternum and ribs. The table below indicates the bones of the axial skeleton by regions. Anato/Skelsyst/pj

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  14. T C S L Cd Skull Ribs Stermun Axial Skeleton of cattle Anato/Skelsyst/pj

  15. Skull • Forms basis for head • Made of - cranial bones - Facial bones • Protects brain • Support sense organs • Digestive & respiratory system starts Anato/Skelsyst/pj

  16. Skull of cattle Cranial bones Diploe Facial Bones Anato/Skelsyst/pj

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  19. Bored again??? Anato/Skelsyst/pj

  20. Vertebral column • Made of unpaired irregular bones Anato/Skelsyst/pj

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  22. Divided into: • Cervical vertebrae (C) • Thoracic vertebrae (T) • Lumbar vertebrae (L) • Sacral vertebrae (S) • Coccygeal vertebrae (Cd) Anato/Skelsyst/pj

  23. Vertebral formulaCow: C7 T13 L6 S5 cd18-20 Anato/Skelsyst/pj

  24. Sternum Anato/Skelsyst/pj

  25. Ribs Anato/Skelsyst/pj

  26. 2.APPENDICULAR SKELETON: Is made of • Pectoral limb or fore limb • Pelvic limb or hind limb Anato/Skelsyst/pj

  27. Still bored??? Anato/Skelsyst/pj

  28. Pectoral limb Scapula Humerus Ulna Radius Carpus Metacarpus Digits Anato/Skelsyst/pj

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  30. Pelvic Limb Pelvis Femur Tibia & fibula Tarsus Metatarsus digits Anato/Skelsyst/pj

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  32. Digits skull Radius & Ulna Neck Humerus Femur Pelvic bone Sternum ribs Tibia Metacarpus Avian skeleton Anato/Skelsyst/pj

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  35. Skeleton of goat Anato/Skelsyst/pj

  36. Skeleton of pig Anato/Skelsyst/pj

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