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AKINS HIGH SCHOOL World History Room 167 Tutorials: T ~ F; 8:20 ~ 8:50

AKINS HIGH SCHOOL World History Room 167 Tutorials: T ~ F; 8:20 ~ 8:50. The Korean War Memorial, Washington, D.C. TODAY’s OBJECTIVES: Trace the course and consequences of the Korean War. Summarize the causes and events of the Vietnam War and describe its aftermath.

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AKINS HIGH SCHOOL World History Room 167 Tutorials: T ~ F; 8:20 ~ 8:50

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  1. AKINS HIGH SCHOOL World History Room 167 Tutorials: T ~ F; 8:20 ~ 8:50 The Korean War Memorial, Washington, D.C. • TODAY’s OBJECTIVES: • Trace the course and consequences of the Korean War. • Summarize the causes and events of the Vietnam War and describe its aftermath. • Describe the actions of Pol Pot and his Khmer Rouge in Cambodia. • AGENDA: Please put your CH 32 Homework in the Tray and begin today’s Warm-up! • WARM-UP, Examine Textbook map, p. 867 and answer the two questions. • LECTURE / DISCUSSION of homework CH 33, Section 3; p. 5 in packet. • QUIZ over Sections 1 - 3 • ASSIGNMENT for NEXT TIME: • Read CH 33, Section 4 - 5, Complete pp. 6 – 7 in packet. • REMINDER:CH 33 TEST is WEDNESDAY

  2. CH 33: Section 3 – “Setting the Stage” Text p. 866; Packet p. 6 • KOREA: • The Initial Causes of War • “When World War II ended, • Korea became a divided nation. • North of the 38th parallel, • Japanese forces in Korea surrendered • to the Soviets. • South of this line, • Japanese surrendered • to the Americans. • As in Germany, two nations then developed. • One was the Communist in the industrial north. • The other was non-Communist (democratic) in the rural south.” • Textbook, p. 867 U.S.S.R. 38th parallel / T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  3. CH 33: Section 3 – “Setting the Stage” Text p. 866; Packet p. 6 January, 1950: The U. S. Secretary of State spoke at the National Press club and listed Asian countries the United States would defend with military force. Surprisingly, South Korea was not on the list. In fact, the United States had by now recalled its military from South Korea, leaving only 472 officers and men to work with the ROK (South Korean army) who were provided light weapons to defend themselves. Aware of this, Kim Il Sungof North Korea decided he had a perfect opportunity to now unite all of Korea by force. Stalin,of the Communist U.S.S.R., and Mao,of Communist China, agreed. U.S.S.R. T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  4. CH 33: Section 3 – “Standoff at the 38th Parallel” Text p. 866; Packet p. 6 KIM IL SUNGThe Soviet Union chose this former guerrilla fighter to be the leader of the northern part of Korea. In 1949, he became chairman of the Communist Korean Workers' Party. In 1950, he decides to invade South Korea and attempt unification. JOSEPH STALINDictator of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union) from 1929 until 1953 when he died after a brain hemorrhage. Stalin, whose troops still occupied northern Korea after World War II, supported Sung’s Communist North Korean forces invading South Korea. HARRY TRUMANPresident of the United States from 1945 until 1953. He viewed Stalin and Sung’s aggressive actions in South Korea as repeating what Hitler, Mussolini and Japan had done in the 1930s and believed his policy of “containment” was being put to the test. T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  5. War in Korea “Invasion” June-September 1950 1. Why did the UN send an international force to Korea? June 25, 1950, pre-dawn hours:North Korea sent an invasion force across the 38th parallel into South Korea. Northern forces rapidly advanced southward against the ill-equipped defenders, taking the Southern capital Seoul three days after the invasion began. The United Nations condemns North Korea's attack. The Soviet Union, Pyongyang's mentor, was boycotting the U.N. Security Council at the time -- and was thus unable to veto the council's condemnation. After a formal request made by South Korea, the new U.N. authorized an international force to help defend South Korea. T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  6. War in Korea “Invasion” June-September 1950 June 25, 1950 The first Secretary-General of the new United Nations Trygve Lie addressed North Korea’s actions in this way, "This is war against the UnitedNations." June 27, 1950U. S. President Harry S. Truman orders the Navy and Air Force to help South Korea and deploys the 7th Fleet to waters off Taiwan to “contain” the spread of the conflict to other Far East waters. T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  7. President Truman in the Cabinet Room of the White House soon after the decision was made to go to war in Korea. Below: Truman then met with Douglas MacArthur – the American general who led U.N. forces in the Korean war – on Wake Island to discuss the “police action” in Korea. T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  8. War in Korea “Invasion” June-September 1950 The United States led the U.N. force in the so-called "police action" against North Korea. Four U.S. divisions, rushed to the Korean peninsula to stop the Northern attack, could do little against a superior force. The U.N. forces were soon forced back to a perimeter around the southern port city of Pusan by early August. T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  9. A soldier comforts a grief-stricken American infantryman whose buddy was killed in action near Haktong-ni, Korea, in 1950. In the background, a corpsman methodically fills out casualty tags. T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  10. War in Korea COUNTER-ATTACK September-October 1950 U.N. forces, under the command of U.S. Gen. Douglas MacArthur, landed at the port of Inchon near Seoul on September 15, 1950. The landing cut off much of the North Korean army, which was attempting to force a way into the Pusan Perimeter. U.N. forces, breaking out from Pusan and coming south from Inchon, were able to overwhelm the Northern troops in South Korea. Seoul was taken by U.N. forces on September 26. T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  11. War in Korea COUNTER-ATTACK September-October 1950 U.N. forces moved north of the 38th parallel, captured the Northern capital Pyongyang on October 19. Despitewarnings from Chinathat it would not accept the presence of U.N. troops in North Korea, MacArthur continued to move his forces northward -- with the announced intention of unifying the Korean peninsula. Some U.N. forces reached the Yalu River -- the border between North Korea and China -- on October 25. T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  12. War in Korea CHINESE ADVANCE October 1950-January 1951 In late October 1950, while China was issuing its warnings, a large Chinese force had already entered North Korea. U.N. forces began encountering Chinese troops at that time. On November 24, MacArthur announced what he believed would be the final offensive of the war, which he said would "restore peace and unity to Korea." China’s leader Mao T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  13. War in Korea CHINESE ADVANCE October 1950-January 1951 The next day, a Chinese force estimated at between 130,000 and 300,000 attacked the U.N. forces -- quickly pushing them southward in a disorderly retreat. The U.N. abandoned Pyongyang on December 4. Some 20,000 U.S. Marines and Army infantry fought their way out of a Chinese encirclement at the Changjin Reservoir. The U.S. Navy evacuated tens of thousands of refugees and U.N. personnel from the ports of Hungnam and Wonsan. T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  14. War in Korea CHINESE ADVANCE October 1950-January 1951 Communist forces invaded South Korea for the second time in the war on December 31, 1950. Seoul was recaptured on January 4, 1951. U.N. forces stopped the Chinese-North Korean advance about 30 miles south of Seoul and began a counteroffensive by month's end. T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  15. War in Korea ARMISTICE January 1951-July 1953 In April, MacArthur -- who had openly disagreed with President Truman over how to conduct the war and publicly suggested the U.S. should use the atomic bomb on North Korea or China -- was relieved of his command. MacArthur's career came to a close during the Korean War, but as recognition of his status as one of the nation's greatest living military leaders, Congress asked him to address a joint session. MacArthur closed his speech with a famous line from an old army ballad: "Old soldiers never die, they just fade away." T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  16. War in Korea ARMISTICE January 1951-July 1953 U.N. forces reoccupied Seoul in March 1951. From there they were able to advance slightly north of the 38th parallel. T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  17. http://www.sptimes.com/2003/webspecials03/koreanwar/timeline.shtmlhttp://www.sptimes.com/2003/webspecials03/koreanwar/conflict.shtmlhttp://www.sptimes.com/2003/webspecials03/koreanwar/timeline.shtmlhttp://www.sptimes.com/2003/webspecials03/koreanwar/conflict.shtml

  18. War in Korea ARMISTICE January 1951-July 1953 Truce talks began on July 10, 1951. By that time,the war had become static -- with neither side making any real advances. Disagreement over several issues, including the exchange of prisoners, delayed the signing of an armistice for another two years. T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  19. War in Korea ARMISTICE January 1951-July 1953 By the time the armistice was signed in 1953, U.N. casualties were estimated at more than 550,000 -- while North Korean and Chinese casualties were believed to be around 1.5 million. As part of the cease-fire, both sides agreed to withdraw 2 kilometers along the final battleground and establish a demilitarized zone along the armistice line -- a zone that still exists today. T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  20. _____ War in Korea ARMISTICE January 1951-July 1953 In other words, 2 million casualties later, and the two nations remained divided along the 38th parallel… where they had been when the conflict began 5 years earlier! The Korean War Memorial, Washington, D.C. T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  21. 2. What was the legacy of the war for North & South Korea? North Korea became a military power but would decline economically and even today suffers grave economic difficulties. After decades of mismanagement, the North relies heavily on international food aid to feed its population while continuing to expend resources to maintain an army of about 1 million. North Korea's long-range missile development and research into nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons and massive conventional armed forces are of major concern to the international community. KIM Il-song died in 1994 and his son, Kim Jong Il, the current leader of North Korea, succeeded him. In December 2002, Kim Jong Il repudiated a 1994 agreement that shut down Korea’s nuclear reactors and expelled UN monitors, further raising fears it would produce nuclear weapons. CURRENT EVENTS - 2005 Yesterday, North Korea announced it had successfully finished unloading 8,000 spent fuel rods from a nuclear plant. Spent fuel rods removed from such reactors can be enriched into weapons-grade plutonium. The United States officially condemned the announcement. T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  22. 2. What was the legacy of the war for North & South Korea? North Korea became a military power but would decline economically and even today suffers grave economic difficulties. Communist Dictatorship South Korea became industrialized and prospered economically with the help of U.S. aid. Parliamentary Democracy T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  23. View Video Clip: http://klru.unitedstreaming.com/play.cfm?thefile=19286%2Fchp902922%5F256k%2Easf&protocol=h&e=y&title_id=19286&media_file_id=1089520&login_id=81B2EE43-BCD3-F4DA-3A2FDDD162D21572&luser_id=325609

  24. CH 33: Section 3 – “The Road to War in Vietnam” Text p. 868; Packet p. 6 Pre – Vietnam History French Acquisitions in Indochina in the 19th century. T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  25. VIETNAM CHRONOLOGY UPDATE 1930 Indochinese Communist Party, opposed to French rule, is organized byHo Chi Minh and his followers. 1932 Bao Dai returns from France to reign as emperor of Vietnam under the French. He is viewed as a French puppet by Vietnamese nationalists. 1940 Japanese troops occupy Indochina, but allow the French to continue their colonial administration of the area. 1941 Japan's move into southern part of Vietnam sparks an oil boycott by the U.S. and Great Britain. The resulting oil shortage strengthens Japan's desire to risk war against the U.S. and Britain…leading to attack on Pearl Harbor. 1945An OSS (Office of Strategic Services, forerunner of the CIA) team parachutes into Ho Chi Minh's jungle camp in northern Vietnam and saves Ho Chi Minh who is ill with malaria and other tropical diseases. 1945Japan surrenders. Ho Chi Minh establishes theViet Minh, a guerilla army. Bao Dai abdicates after a general uprising led by the Viet Minh.

  26. CH 33: Section 3 – “The Road to War in Vietnam” Text p. 868; Packet p. 6 September 2, 1945Ho Chi Minhdelivers Vietnam's Declaration of Independence to end 80 years of colonialism under French rule and establishes the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in Hanoi. Vietnam is divided north and south. Read HistoryMakers, “Ho Chi Minh” Textbook p. 868 November, 1946Ho Chi Minh attempts to negotiate the end of colonial rule with the French without success. The French army shells Haiphong harbor in November, killing over 6,000 Vietnamese civilians, and, by December, open war between France and the Viet Minh begins. T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  27. CH 33: Section 3 – “War Breaks Out” Text p. 868; Packet p. 6 • Why did war break out between the • Vietnamese Nationalists • and the French? After the Japanese lost WWII, nationalists in Vietnam wanted the nation’s independence, but France wanted to keep it’s colony. Map of French Indochina, French Colonial Period, 19th c. T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  28. CH 33: Section 3 – “War Breaks Out” Text p. 868; Packet p. 6 U.S. Involvement Begins January 1950The U.S. announces it sees Boa Dai's regime as legitimate, and begins to subsidize the French in Vietnam; the Chinese Communists, having won their civil war in 1949, begin to supply weapons to the Viet Minh.August, 1950A U.S. Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) of 35 men arrives in Saigon. By the end of the year, the U.S. is bearing half of the cost of France's war effort in Vietnam. T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  29. CH 33: Section 3 – “War Breaks Out” Text p. 868; Packet p. 6 4. What was the outcome of the war for France and for Vietnam? 1954 The French were defeated at Dien Bien Phu and surrendered to Ho Chi Minh. An international peace conference – the Geneva Accords – divided Vietnam. A demilitarized zone at the 17th parallel with the North under Communist rule and South Vietnam was under the leadership of U.S.-supported Prime MinisterNgo Dinh Diem. Last year marked the 50th anniversary of the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu. T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  30. 1955U.S.-backed Ngo Dinh Diem declares himself president of South Vietnam, he is corrupt and rules as a dictator. 1956 - North & the South Vietnam begin fighting.July 8, 1959 - The first American combat deaths in Vietnam occur when Viet Cong attack Bien Hoa; two servicemen are killed. 1960The National Liberation Front (NLF)--called the Viet Cong--is founded. These South Vietnamese communist guerilla fighters opposed Diem. February, 1961The U.S. military buildup in Vietnam begins with combat advisors. President John F. Kennedy declares that they will respond if fired upon. June 16, 1963 Angry at Diem’s pro-Catholic (Christian) policies*, a Buddhist monk lights himself on fire in Saigon. Buddhist demonstrations continue for months. November 1, 1963 Kennedy agrees Diem must go. Diem is assassinated. 21 days later so is President Kennedy in Dallas Texas.

  31. May 4, 1964Trade embargo is imposed on North Vietnam by new U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson in response to attacks by the North on South Vietnam. Mid-1964: While campaigning for president, Johnson says, "We are not going to send American boys nine or ten thousand miles away from home to do what Asian boys ought to be doing for themselves." Yet, behind closed doors, he is planning to escalate the role of America in the war. T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  32. CH 33: Section 3 – “War Breaks Out” Text p. 868; Packet p. 6 5. How did the United States get involved in Vietnam? Fearing the overthrow of the anti-communist government it had helped set up in Vietnam, the U.S. escalated its military involvement.

  33. August 2 and 4, 1964The Gulf of Tonkin Incident. North Vietnamese torpedo boats allegedly attacked the U.S. destroyer Maddox in the Gulf of Tonkin. A second attack allegedly occurs on August 4. T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  34. August 7, 1964Congress approves the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution which allows the president to take any necessary measures to repel further attacks and to provide military assistance to any South Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) member. President Johnson orders the bombing of North Vietnam. March 8-9, 1965The first American combat troops arrive in Vietnam. 1965 is a crucial turning point in the American involvement in the Vietnam War. At the start of the year there are 25,000 American troops; by the end of that year there are 185,000. The numbers increase to 385,000 in 1966, 485,000 in 1967, and 543,000 in 1968. T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  35. March 24, 1965: The first antiwar teach-in is held at the University of Michigan. At first, both supporters and opponents of the war attend the teach-ins. Before long, the campus teach-ins become anti-war rallies. April 17, 1965Students for a Democratic Society sponsor the first major anti-war rally in Washington, D.C. 1967 Anti-war demonstrations are held all over the United States. In 1967, 300,000 people take to the streets in New York City, and in Washington 100,000 people try to shut down the Pentagon. Expressing the views of more and more Americans, Women Strike for Peace, a women's anti-war organization, writes, "Stop! Don't drench the jungles of Asia with the blood of our sons. Don't force our sons to kill women and children whose only crime is to live in a country ripped by civil war." T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  36. November 14-16, 1965The first major military engagement occurs between U.S. and North Vietnamese forces. November 14-16, 1965The first major military engagement occurs between U.S. and North Vietnamese forces. Operation Rolling Thunder Dak To, South Vietnam. An infantry patrol moves up to assault a Viet Cong position. Napalm bombs explode on Viet Cong structures south of Saigon in the Republic of Vietnam. 1965 T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  37. Thousands of service personnel listen to Miss Ann Margaret sing one of her numbers during her show in Danang, Vietnam. And then she… 03/13/1966 T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  38. January-February, 1967: Beginning on the Vietnamese New Year North Vietnamese forces mount a surprise attack on provincial capitals and other towns in South Vietnam, known asthe Tet Offensive. In Saigon, Viet Cong forces strike the American embassy, Tan Son Nhut air base, and even the presidential palace. The attack is beaten back, but the offensive is a psychological victory for the North Vietnamese. T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  39. March 16, 1968“The My Lai Massacre” 150 unarmed Vietnamese civilians are killed by members of U.S. Army Lt. William L. Calley Jr.'s platoon atMy Lai. As the "search and destroy" mission unfolded it soon degenerated into the massacre of over 300 apparently unarmed civilians including women, children, and the elderly. Calley ordered his men to enter the village firing, though there had been no report of opposing fire. According to eyewitness reports offered after the event, several old men were bayoneted, praying women and children were shot in the back of the head, and at least one girl was raped, and then killed. For his part, Calley was said to have rounded up a group of the villagers, ordered them into a ditch, and mowed them down in a fury of machine gun fire.http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/vietnam/trenches/mylai.html T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  40. "You may not be able to read this," were the words one of the U.S. soldiers who died wrote in his diary, "I am writing in a hurry. I see death coming up the hill." May 10, 1968The Paris peace talks begin between U. S. and Vietnamese officials. May 10-20, 1969The battle for Hamburger Hill June 8, 1969President Richard Nixon announces “Vietnamization,” (a policy of returning Vietnam to the Vietnamese) the first U.S. troop withdrawals from South Vietnam September 3, 1969Ho Chi Minh dies. November 15, 1969250,000 people demonstrate against the war in Washington, D.C. December 1, 1969The first draft lottery since 1942 begins. Though abandoned to the enemy as soon as it was taken, Hamburger Hill, more correctly called Ap Bia Mountain, or Hill 937,proved to be the telling battle of the Vietnam War, as Pork Chop Hill was for the Korean War. It was significant because it spelled the end of major American ground combat operations in Vietnam. T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  41. April 30, 1970The armies of the U.S. and South Vietnam invade Cambodia to roust North Vietnamese troops. The invasion sparks campus protests.May 4, 1970Four students are killed by National Guardsmen at Kent State University in Ohio. The killings sparked hundreds of protest activities across college campuses in the United States. T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  42. February, 1971South Vietnam and U.S. invade Laos in an attempt to sever the Ho Chi Minh Trail. June The New York Times publishes a secret Department of Defense account of the American involvement in Vietnam, known as the Pentagon Papers. A defense analyst, Daniel Ellsberg leaked the papers, which reveal some of the fabrications and faulty assumptions that have guided America's involvement.

  43. February, 1971South Vietnam and the U.S. invade Laos in an attempt to sever the Ho Chi Minh Trail. February, 1971South Vietnam and the U.S. invade Laos in an attempt to sever the Ho Chi Minh Trail. • , December: • To convince the North Vietnamese • to return to the negotiating table • and achieve Nixon's goal of • "peace with honor," • the Nixon administration • conducts the most intensive • bombing campaign of the entire war, • targeting North Vietnamese factories and ports. • Christmas: • Nixon again orders a massive bombing of North Vietnam, • including Hanoi, • and also orders the mining of Hanoi Harbor. • American prisoners of war • watch from the Hoa Lo prison • as anti-aircraft missiles light up the sky. T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  44. December 28, 1972The North Vietnamese announce they will return to Paris if Nixon ends the bombing. The bombing campaign is halted. January 23, 1973United States, South Vietnam, and North Vietnam sign Paris Peace Accords, ending American combat role in war. U.S. military draft ends. A cease-fire goes into effect 5 days later.March 29, 1973Last U.S. combat troops leave Vietnam.February 12-27, 1973POWs begin to come home as part of Operation HomecomingApril 1, 1973Hanoi releases last 591 acknowledged American POWs.September 16, 1974President Ford offers clemency to draft evaders and military deserters.

  45. April 29-30, 1975Saigon falls. U. S. Navy evacuates U.S. personnel and South Vietnamese refugees. April 30, 1975North Vietnamese forces take over Saigon; South Vietnam surrenders to North Vietnam, ending the war and reunifying the country under communist control. T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  46. CH 33: Section 3 – “The United States Withdraws” Text p. 869; Packet p. 6 6. Why did the United States withdraw its troops from Vietnam? Unable to win a decisive victory, the U.S. finally withdrew after intense pressure back home in America by those against the war. T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  47. When the U.S. pulled out in 1975, more than 2,000 Americans remained unaccounted for in Vietnam. 20 years later, despite the efforts of the US and Vietnam, a complete accounting of missing Americans has yet to be delivered. U.S. Casualties= 58,178 Vietnamese Only recently has the Vietnamese government and the U.S. come close to agreeing on these figures. Their estimates are thatapproximately 1.5 millionVietnamese combatants and an estimated 4 million civilians were killed in the war. Vietnam Veterans Memorial, Washington D.C.

  48. December, 1978Vietnam invades Cambodia and topples Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge government, ending its reign of terror. During Pol Pot's three and a half years of rule over Cambodia, from 1975 to 1978, the Khmer Rouge killed as many as two million people through mass executions, starvation and slave labor. The genocide in Cambodia was the outcome of a complex historical development in which the pernicious ideological influence of Stalinism came together with the chaos created by the military action carried out by American imperialism against the people of the region. Eight thousand skulls are inside the 35-foot memorial stupa that is built in the middle of the Killing Fields in Cambodia.

  49. AKINS HIGH SCHOOL World History Room 167 Tutorials: T ~ F; 8:20 ~ 8:50 Visitors find names of lost servicemen on the Vietnam Memorial Wall, Washington D.C. • TODAY’s OBJECTIVES: • Trace the course and consequences of the Korean War. • Summarize the causes and events of the Vietnam War and describe its aftermath. • Describe the actions of Pol Pot and his Khmer Rouge in Cambodia. • AGENDA: • WARM-UP, Examine Textbook map, p. 867 and answer the two questions. • LECTURE / DISCUSSION of homework CH 33, Section 3; p. 5 in packet. • QUIZ over Sections 1 - 3 • ASSIGNMENT for NEXT TIME: • Read CH 33, Section 4 - 5, Complete pp. 6 - 7in packet. • REMINDER:CH 33 TEST is WEDNESDAY

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