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Bonding - Atoms interact (with their electrons) to form compounds.

Bonding and Chemical Formulas. Bonding - Atoms interact (with their electrons) to form compounds. Sodium. Chlorine. Three Kinds of Bonds:. Metal. Metal. Metal. electrons. M etal (+). N onmetal (-). Ionic. Metal transfers electrons to make opposites attract. N onmetal. N onmetal.

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Bonding - Atoms interact (with their electrons) to form compounds.

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  1. Bonding and Chemical Formulas Bonding - Atoms interact (with their electrons) to form compounds. Sodium Chlorine

  2. Three Kinds of Bonds: Metal Metal Metal electrons Metal (+) Nonmetal (-) Ionic Metal transfers electrons to make opposites attract. Nonmetal Nonmetal Covalent The sharing of electrons creates a strong bond. Metal Metal Metallic All electrons are shared in a “sea of electrons.”

  3. Independent Practice Fill in the the blanks C - Covalent M - Metallic I - Ionic

  4. To understand how bonding works, we need to understand electrons. Proton Positive Charge + + Neutron No Charge Electron Negative Charge

  5. Valence Electrons The electrons on the outer energy level of an atom How many valence electrons do each of these have? 6 3 5 5 1 4 2 1

  6. Do you remember what theatomic numberrepresents? 1 H 1.0079 2 He 4.003 2 3 Li 6.941 4 Be 9.012 5 B 10.811 6 C 12.011 7 N 14.007 8 O 15.999 9 F 18.998 10 Ne 1.0079 8 It is the number of protons & electrons. 11 Na 22.990 12 Mg 24.305 13 Al 26.982 14 Si 28.086 15 P 30.974 16 S 32.066 17 Cl 35.453 18 Ar 39.948 8 19 K 39.098 20 Ca 40.08

  7. 1 H 1.0079 2 He 4.003 Energy Level 1 2 electrons fit How many valence electrons does hydrogen have? How many valence electrons does helium have? Fill in the periodic table on your paper.

  8. Energy Level 2 8 electrons fit: 3 Li 6.941 4 Be 9.012 5 B 10.811 6 C 12.011 7 N 14.007 8 O 15.999 9 F 18.998 10 Ne 1.0079 How many valence electrons do each of the elements above have? Fill in the periodic table on your paper.

  9. Energy Level 3 8 electrons fit 11 Na 22.990 12 Mg 24.305 13 Al 26.982 14 Si 28.086 15 P 30.974 16 S 32.066 17 Cl 35.453 18 Ar 39.948 How many valence electrons do each of the elements above have? Fill in the periodic table on your paper.

  10. Look at the periodic table. Do you notice a pattern? What is it?

  11. You should have noticed that each column has the same number of valence electrons. This is true all the way downthe periodic table: 8 1 3 4 5 6 7 2

  12. But there is something you need to know about electrons and the energy levels where they live. Some are happier, more stable than others. You see, energy levels like to be FULL. These are “HAPPY” or “Stable” atoms. 10 Ne 1.0079 18 Ar 39.948 2 He 4.003 Which other atoms are FULL?

  13. Everyone wants to be happy-- so, all atoms try to get happy. But alas, they cannot do it alone. They must find other atom friends to make them happy. But the right kind of friend is hard to find -- if you know what I mean. • Someone that understands you. • One who is willing to give you what you need most -- a part of himself.

  14. More on electrons: Atoms get happy (stable) by filling up their outer shell of electrons. Atoms with 4 or more valence electrons will not give them up! friend in need  Which columns on the periodic table will NOT give away electrons? No, and don’t ask again! Atoms with less than 4 valence electrons are very generous. Generous Friend  Which columns on the periodic tablewill give away electrons? Yes, is there anything else?

  15. Even MORE about electrons: However this affects their charge…Remember normally: ATOMS Have the same # of Protons (+) = Electrons (-) If the the blue atom gives up an electron, it becomes (+). If the yellow atom gives up an electron, it becomes (-). Generous friend helpsa friend in need. Lose -e makes + Gain -e makes -

  16. Because of this, we assign a group of elements an oxidation number.Compare this number to the valence electrons. 8 1 0 1+ 5 3 4 6 7 2 3+ 4 3- 2- 1- 2+ H He Write the oxidation numbers on your periodic table. Be B C N O F

  17. Independent Practice Fill in the the chart on your paper.

  18. Na N Cl H H H Na Cl N H H H BondingAn atom’s outer electron energy level is filled by either exchanging or sharing electrons. NH3 NaCl

  19. 19 Ionic BondsMetal to Nonmetal Electrons either taken or given away Sodium Chlorine + Opposites attract

  20. Ionic BondsMetal to Nonmetal Na Cl Sodium gives Chlorine 1 electron. Sodium is happy at energy level 2. Chlorine is happy at energy level 3. NaCl Sodium Chlorine SodiumChloride

  21. Covalent non-metal + nonmetal Nitrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen N H H H Electrons are shared. Energy level HAPPYor stable... NH3 Ammonia

  22. metal metal metal electrons Metallic Share in a sea of electrons Ag+ Ag+ Ag+ -e -e -e -e -e Ag+ Ag+ Ag+ -e -e -e Ag+ Ag+ Ag+ -e -e -e -e -e

  23. Independent Practice Fill in the the chart on your paper.

  24. 0 1+ 3+ 4 3- 2- 1- 2+ When you combine atoms, you use the oxidation numbers to help you figure out the ratio. Oxidation Number Varies Simply switch the oxidation number to get the correct subscript. Put the #s in lowest terms if necessary. Mg+2 Cl-1 Mg+2 O-2 Fe+3 O-2 2 1 2 = 2 2 3 MgCl2 MgO Fe2O3

  25. Independent Practice Fill in the the chart on your paper.

  26. Polyatomic Compounds: Compounds that Act as a Unit Mg+2 PO4-3 Li+2 SO4-2 Fe+3 NO4-2 2 3 2 2 2 3 Fe2 (NO4)3 Mg3(PO4)2 LiSO4 Note the ( ) on multiple polyatomic ions.

  27. Independent Practice Fill in the the chart on your paper.

  28. Naming Compounds Rules for naming binary (meaning 2 types of atoms) ionic compounds: Example: KBr 1. Write the name of the metal first. 2. Write the name of the nonmetal changing the ending to “ide.” Potassium Bromine Bromide

  29. Independent Practice Fill in the blanks.

  30. Naming Compounds Rules for naming binary ionic compounds: (Binary means 2 types of atoms.) Example: CuCl 1. Write the name of the metal first. 2. Write the name of the nonmetal changing the ending to “ide.” 3. If the metal is a “transition metal,” the oxidation number varies. Therefore, to name the compound we must put the ionic charge in parentheses. For example: (I) Copper Chlorine Chloride because the oxidation of chlorine is 1.

  31. Independent Practice Fill in the blanks.

  32. Naming Compounds Polyatomic Rules for naming polyatomic ionic compounds: 1. Write the name of the metal first. 2. Write the name of the polyatomic nonmetal from the chart. Example: K2SO4 Potassium Sulfate

  33. Naming Compounds Ionic Rules for naming polyatomic ionic compounds: If the polyatomic ion is first, then: 1. Use the chart above to name the metal. 2. Write the name of the nonmetal changing the ending to “ide.” Example: NH4Cl Ammonium Chloride

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