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MANGROVES OR MANGAL

MANGROVES OR MANGAL. “Rainforest by the Sea” Associations of halophytic trees, shrubs or other plants growing in brackish to saline water Found on tropical and subtropical coastlines Inundated daily with sea water but protected from heavy waves Limited by frost. ADAPTATIONS.

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MANGROVES OR MANGAL

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  1. MANGROVES OR MANGAL • “Rainforest by the Sea” • Associations of halophytic trees, shrubs or other plants growing in brackish to saline water • Found on tropical and subtropical coastlines • Inundated daily with sea water but protected from heavy waves • Limited by frost

  2. ADAPTATIONS • Salinity Control – salt exclusion or secretion • Viviparous seedlings • Prop roots and pneumatophores

  3. SALINITY • Facultative halophytes – found over a wide range of salinity; 10-60 ppt • Competitive advantage over freshwater species • Survive wide annual fluctuations

  4. MANGROVE COMMUNITY TYPES • Fringe Mangroves • Overwash island • Shoreline

  5. Rhizophora mangle • Red Mangrove, Mangle Rojo • Opposite, evergreen leaves & white flowers • Prop roots – grounded and ungrounded • Viviparous

  6. Avicennia germinans • Black mangrove, Mangle negro • Opposite, leathery leaves; yellowish to dark green above, downy beneath with salt glands • pneumatophores

  7. Laguncularia racemosa • White mangrove, Mangle blanco • Leathery, opposite leaves with rounded tips and 2 salt glands on petiole

  8. Conocarpus erectus Buttonwood, Mangle de botón • Leaves alternate, elliptical, with a row of salt glands along the rachis

  9. ZONATION MHW Conocarpus erectus Laguncularia racemosa Avicennia germinans Rhizophora mangle

  10. SUCCESSION • Peat accumulation balanced by tidal export, fire and hurricanes • Advance and retreat of zones according to the fall or rise of sea level • Stressed or youthful ecosystems • Slowed or arrested succession • Low diversity • Open nutrient cycles

  11. FACTORS CONTROLLING PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY • Tides and water chemistry intertwined • Transport of oxygen to roots • Removal of toxins and salt from pore water • Control of sediment accumulation • Regeneration of nutrients lost from root zone • Water chemistry alone • Pore water salinity • Concentration of nutrients

  12. ORGANIC EXPORT • 50% of productivity exported as detritus • May supply as much as 52% of the fixed carbon available for secondary productivity • Detritus primary food source to invertebrates and forage fish

  13. ANIMALS ASSOCIATED WITH RED MANGROVE PROP ROOTS • Roots provide nursery areas and solid substrate • Proximity to and extent of exchange between coastal waters, especially coral reefs • Presence or absence of algae • Tidal amplitude • Competitive interactions • Predation, particularly intraguild predation http://jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/html/tropecoimages.html#Anchor-mangroves

  14. GENERAL FAUNAL TYPES • Adjacent to coral reefs, e.g. Carrie Bow Cay, Belize • Sponges, tunicates, hydroids, anemones, polychaetes • Isolated from reefs • Isopods, barnacles, molluscs, algae, amphipods

  15. Laguna Boca Paila • Water very clear • Bottom either covered with Halodule wrightii, Ruppia sp., or leaf litter, otherwise sand/shell • Tree heights 10-22 ft. • Protected embayment with only a small inlet to Caribbean

  16. ABUNDANCES OF HIGHER TAXA Isopod 6% Tanaid 4% Amphipod Bivalves 86% 3% Polychaete 1%

  17. DOMINANT SPECIES • Amphipods • Hyale plumulosa • Ericthonius brasiliensis • Parhyale fascigera • Isopods • Sphaeroma terebrans • Algae • Polysiphonia sp. • Anotrichium tenue • Bostrychia montagnei • Batophora oerstiddi

  18. EFFECTS OF ALGAE

  19. ALGAE-DOMINATED ROOT • Many small, motile invertebrates, especially amphipods • Low diversity • High abundance

  20. BARE ROOTS • Boring isopods & bivalves • Balanoid barnacles • Low diversity • Low abundance

  21. Cassidinidea ovalis Vaunthompsonia minor Hyale plumulosa Nodolittorina lineolata Bathygobius mystacium Cyclaspis sp. Littoraria angulifera Ericthonius brasiliensis Cyathura cubana Gobiosoma bosc LAGUNA BOCA PAILA: PROPOSED FOOD WEB FOR R. MANGLE PROP ROOT COMMUNITY Detritus Phytoplankton Green algae Primary producer Mugil cephalus Pachygrapsus gracilis Nereis pelagica Mytilopsis leucophaeata Ischadium recurvum Copepods Ostracods Nematode Palaemonetes vulgaris Macrobranchium acanthurus Lutjanus apodus Callinectes portunus Concrete relationship Sphoeroides testudinus Inferred relationship Eleotris pisonis Terminal carnivore Sphyraena barracuda

  22. INTRAGUILD PREDATION • Common in communities with many interference competitors • Typical in mangrove prop root communities • Defined as killing and eating of competitors • Interference competitors at Laguna Boca Paila: • Lutjanus-Callinectes • Sphyraena-Lutjanus • Palaemonetes-Bathygobius

  23. BIRDS

  24. FISH

  25. IMPORTANCE TO LOCAL COMMUNITIES • Traditionally managed by local communities • Food, medicine, tannins, fuel wood, construction materials • Sustainable, dependable, cultural • Minimize property damage & deaths due to tropical weather • Useful for treating effluent

  26. CONSERVATION ISSUES • Among the most threatened habitats in the world • Coastal development may result in long-term exposure or flooding • Timber & charcoal industries • Expanding shrimp aquaculture • Considered wastelands or useless swamps

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