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The Council of Trent. From last time. We saw the complexity of Catholicism in Spain We introduced plan-A (Catholic Reformation) and plan-B (Catholic Counter-Reformation) Plan A: the 1537 report on the need to ‘fix the Church’: do we remember it?.
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From last time • We saw the complexity of Catholicism in Spain • We introduced plan-A (Catholic Reformation) and plan-B (Catholic Counter-Reformation) • Plan A: the 1537 report on the need to ‘fix the Church’: do we remember it?
1541: the colloquia at Regensburg and the failure of the ‘Spirituali’ Map of Regensburg, or Ratisbon, London 1800
Summary on ‘Plan A’ [i.e. Catholic Reformation] • At the beginning, the Catholic Church realized that Luther was not completely wrong: let’s try and compromise (plan A) • 1537: the Pope appointed a committee to see what can be fixed, the result was a proposal for change along Erasmian lines • In 1541 Protestants and Catholics (plan A- people) met to try and work issues out: the meeting was a failure, and the Catholic Church decided to switch to plan B!
After the failure of Regensburg in 1541 the ‘Zelanti’, or ‘zealous’, take control Giovanni Pietro Carafa, from 1555 Pope Paul IV
In 1542 the Roman Inquisition was founded Galileo and the Inquisition, Cristiano Banti 1857
Inquisition/s • Medieval Inquisition (1220s) • Spanish Inquisition (1483) • Roman Inquisition (1542) • What is the difference between those?
Inquisition/s • Medieval Inquisition = localized tribunals • Spanish Inquisition = centralized tribunal, tied to the Spanish crown • Roman Inquisition = centralized tribunal, tied to Rome, and as such ‘super-national’
1543: the Inquisition at work, the ‘Beneficio di Cristo’ • In 1543 the book entitled ‘Il Beneficio di Cristo’ (‘The Benefice of Christ’), written by Marcantonio Flaminio and Benedetto da Mantova, was published • It was the last expression of the Italian ‘Spirituals’: it talked about justification by faith, internal religion, and it quoted Calvin • The Inquisition condemned it and burned it: NO COPIES were found until 1843!!! • With the disappearance of the ‘Beneficio’, the ‘Spirituali’ faction disappeared also
The Council in general • The Council was far from being international: the vast majority of the cardinals were Italians (with a few Spanish) • The aim was not to compromise, but to violently re-enforcing Catholicism and attacking Protestantism • Rather than an occasion for dialogue, the Council was a show of force on the part of the Papacy
Two aims • Doctrinal questions (i.e. enforcing Catholic doctrine as opposed to the Protestant ones) • Questions of discipline (i.e. regulating and correcting the abuses within the Catholic Church itself, in order to strengthen the hold that the Church had on Catholic people)
