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Perception and Senses

Perception and Senses. Biology 12. Perception and Ink Blots. Inkblots are just meaningless blobs of ink. Yet like clouds and rock formations, inkblots have stirred the Imagination for centuries. In recent years, serious attention has been given to the study of personality through inkblots.

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Perception and Senses

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  1. Perception and Senses Biology 12

  2. Perception and Ink Blots • Inkblots are just meaningless blobs of ink. Yet like clouds and rock formations, inkblots have stirred the Imagination for centuries. In recent years, serious attention has been given to the study of personality through inkblots. • How does an Inkblot test tell the psychologist something about personality? The inkblots don't really do anything. What's important is what people say about the image they see. You might say that the inkblots act as a mirror of the mind. • This kind of personality test is called a projective technique.

  3. You've probably heard about the Rorschach Inkblot Test. Working with mental patients In Switzerland, Herman Rorschach In 1921, developed a system of analysis for inkblots which is still used today.

  4. Perception is influenced by experience. • Since no two people ever have the same experience because of the interaction of learning, environment and genetics... No two people can ever perceive the world in exactly the same way!

  5. What do you see?

  6. What do you see?

  7. What do you see?

  8. What do you see?

  9. What do you see?

  10. Optical Illusions • TED Talk – how to fool your brain (16 mins): http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/eng/beau_lotto_optical_illusions_show_how_we_see.html • Check these out! • http://www.optillusions.com/

  11. Sense Receptors • Separate receptors located in the skin detect different types of touch stimuli: • 1. Touch receptors called Meissner’s Corpuscle • 2. Pressure receptors called Pacinian Corpuscle • 3. Pain receptors that are free nerve endings • 4. Heat receptors called Ruffini’s end organ • 5. Cold receptors called Krause’s end bulbs

  12. Vision

  13. Sclera • The white part of the eyeball is called the sclera • The sclera is made of a tough material and has the important job of covering most of the eyeball. • Look very closely at the white of the eye, and you'll see lines that look like tiny pink threads. These are blood vessels.

  14. Cornea • The part of the sclera in front of the colored part of the eye is called the cornea. • Unlike the rest of the sclera, which is white, the cornea is transparent, or completely clear, which lets light travel through it. • The cornea helps the eye focus. Cataract

  15. Iris • Behind the cornea are the iris and the pupil. • The iris is the colorful part of the eye. • When we say a person has blue eyes, we really mean the person has blue irises!

  16. Pupil • The iris is a muscle. This allows the iris to control how much light goes through the pupil. • The pupil is the black circle in the center of the iris, and it lets light enter the eye. The pupils will get smaller when a light shines near them and they'll open wider when the light is gone.

  17. Lens • Held behind the pupil by ciliary muscles • The ciliary muscles can change the shape of the lens which allows the eye to focus on objects at different distances.

  18. Aqueous Humor • The space between the cornea and the lens is filled with a liquid called aqueous humor. • This gives the eye oxygen, protein, and glucose.

  19. Vitreous Humor • The thick liquid inside the eyeball is called vitreous humor. • This gives the eye its shape.

  20. Retina • Your retina is in the very back of the eye, past the vitreous humor. • It is smaller than a dime, it holds millions of cells that are sensitive to light. • The retina takes the light the eye receives and changes it into nerve signals so the brain can understand what the eye is seeing.

  21. The retina is made up of ganglia, nerve fibers and photoreceptors which are like the film in a camera. • The focal point of the retina is called the fovea • There are two types of photoreceptors: • Rods and Cones

  22. Rods • Rods are stimulated in lower light • They are found outside the area of the fovea • They allow us to see in black and white

  23. Cones • Cones are sensitive to brighter light • They are responsible for colour vision and are concentrated in the fovea.

  24. The retina has three types of cones - red, green, and blue - to help you see different ranges of color. • Together, these cones can sense combinations of light waves that enable our eyes to see millions of colors.

  25. Optic Nerve • Axons from the rods and cones gather to form a bundle of nerves called the optic nerve • The location where the optic nerve leaves the eye is called the blind spot. • Find your own blind spot!

  26. EYE ANIMATION • http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP14304 • http://www.kscience.co.uk/animations/eye.swf

  27. Hearing • The ear picks up compressions of air that we call sound waves.

  28. MOVING AIR MOLECULES ARE CHANGED TO NERVE SIGNALS BY THE EAR • Sound waves in air (gas) vibrations in bone (solid)  waves in a fluid in the inner ear (liquid)  electrical nerve signals

  29. EXTERNAL EAR • Pinna - outer ear - takes sound from large area and funnels it into a small space • Auditory canal – carries sound waves to eardrum

  30. MIDDLE EAR • Eardrum (tympanicmembrane) • Ossicles – three small bones (malleus, incus, stapes) that vibrate and amplify sound • The stapes strikes the covering of the oval window on the cochlea • Eustachian tube - connects the middle ear to the throat and helps maintain air pressure

  31. EAR ‘POPPING’ • Air is less dense so there is less pressure on the tympanic membrane. • You can reduce air pressure in Eustachian tube by swallowing, yawning or chewing gum!

  32. WHAT IS AN EAR INFECTION? • Build up of fluid in Eustacian tube which leads to unequal air pressure!

  33. INNER EAR • Vestibule - communicating chambers and tubes involved in equilibrium • Semicircular Canals – fluid filled structures involved in equilibrium • Cochlea – coiled tube that receives sound waves and converts them to nerve impulses (sense of hearing) • Organ of Corti - contains hearing receptors, hair cells detect vibrations

  34. Auditory nerve is the main nerve leading from ear to brain • Sensory information is interpreted by the temporal lobe of the cerebrum

  35. THE HEARING PROCESS • 1. Sound waves enter external ear2. Eardrum vibrates3. Auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) amplify vibrations4. Stapes hits oval window and transmits vibrations to cochlea5. Organs of corti contain receptor cells (hair cells) that deform from vibrations6. Impulses sent to the auditory nerve7. Auditory cortex of the temporal lobe interprets sensory impulses

  36. Anatomy of the ear: • http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP1502 • http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp45/4502001.html

  37. How Sound Affects us! http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/eng/julian_treasure_the_4_ways_sound_affects_us.html

  38. Senses Stations Activity! • There are 10 stations • The class will be divided into groups of 2 or 3 • As a group, you will cycle through each station • Record your observations as you go • You will have 2-3 minutes per station

  39. Tasty Buds • Taste buds detect four different characteristics of food.

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