Brazil

1. Brazil Chapter 7

2. Section One Objectives • Students will understand that Brazil’s varied landforms contain a wealth of natural resources • Students will understand that the Amazon Rain Forest strives in Brazil’s climate • Students will understand that although most Brazilians live in cities along the coast, there has been a steady migration inland

3. Physical Features • Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world • Brazil’s best known physical feature is the Amazon River • The Amazon carries more water than any river in the world • The flow of water is caused by the Amazon Basin • The Amazon Basin is land drained by the Amazon River (2.7 million square feet)

4. Physical Features • Highlands cover most of Brazil. They include the Guiana Highlands and the Brazilian Highlands. • The highlands include savannas • A savanna is a parklike landscape of grasslands and forests • The Pantanal is in the west. This is a huge wetland area • The Atlantic lowlands are on the Atlantic Coast

5. Climate and Land Use • Brazil’s climate is tropical in the north with high temperatures and humidity all year round • The climate is cooler in southern Brazil • Climate also varies with elevation • Crops, such as, coffee, oranges, and soybeans are grown in the coastal areas

6. Climate and Land Use • Cattle ranching is done in the northeast because of the dry climate • There are also ranches in the Brazilian Highlands along with mines that produce iron ore, bauxite, and gold • Forests cover over half of Brazil producing rubber, palm oil, and timber. Logging is done throughout the Amazon basin • There are many hydroelectric dams that produces electricity for Brazil and Paraguay (Itaipu Dam)

7. Ecosystems • The rain forest shelters the largest variety of living species in the world • Most of the animals are found in upper leaves of the rain forest tress called the canopy • The canopy is like a leafy tent which prevents most of the sun’s rays from hitting the ground • Seasonal flooding causes the forest and river ecosystems to merge

8. People in Brazil • Brazil’s largest city is Sao Paulo with 19 million people • Brazil’s second largest city is Rio de Janeiro with 12 million people • People of European, African, and Native American ancestries have mixed in Brazil • Sao Paulo is the center of industrialization and finances • Coastal cities are overcrowded , so the government built a new capital called Brasilia inland

9. People in Brazil • Business districts and richer neighborhoods make up the city center and the outskirts are filled with slums called favelas • Many people come to the favelas in search of jobs • They have no paved roads, electricity, piped water supply, toilets, or sewers • More than 14 million people live in the favelas

10. People in Brazil • The gap between rich and poor is one of the widest in the world • Since 1980, poverty has increased by 50% • Brazilians of African ancestry suffer discrimination

11. Assessment • Complete p 315 (1-7)

12. Section 2 Objectives • Students will understand how Portuguese colonization changed the human and physical geography of Brazil • Students will understand how the Portuguese introduced an export economy based on the labor of enslaved Africans • Students will understand that for most of Brazil’s history, its economy has experiences a series of export booms and busts

13. History of Brazil • Brazil was colonized by Portugal • Its people speak Portuguese • Brazil gained its independence peacefully Cultures Meet • In 1500, the Portuguese first came to Brazil • Native Americans lived throughout the region • Portuguese established trading posts in the northeast • They traded with Native Americans for brazilwood, which produced red dye

14. Cultures Meet • Brazilwood gave Brazil its name • The Portuguese set up and export economy, or an economy based on exports • Portuguese forced Native American into slavery to work on sugar plantations • Most Native American fled or died

15. Africans Arrive • Africans replaced Native Americans • 3 out of 4 enslaved Africans ended up in Brazil • Slavery was outlawed in 1888 • Brazil was under a system of mercantilism with Portugal

16. An Independent Brazil • In 1807, the Portuguese royal family fled from French Napoleon to Brazil • The king returned to Portugal in 1821, but his son Pedro I stayed • Pedro I became the first emperor of Brazil

17. An Independent Brazil • By the mid-1800’s, coffee became Brazil’s main export • Coffee was the main product during the boom and bust cycle • Boom and bust cycle is a period of strong economic growth followed by a period of sharp decline

18. The New Brazil • In the late 1800’s, Coffee planters challenged the government and wanted a republic • Abolitionist, or people who wanted to end slavery, were campaigning to free slaves • In 1888, all slaves were freed • In 1889, Brazil’s military staged a coup • A coup is an overthrow of the government • A republic took the place of an empire in Brazil

19. The New Brazil • New leaders formed a constitution and elected a president • Some of the first leaders were know as “coffee presidents” • During the Great Depression in 1929, coffee prices fell • In 1930, Getulio Vargas overthrew the government, appealing to workers in the cities • Encouraged manufacturing • Gave women voting rights • Ruled for 24 years

20. The New Brazil • In the late 1900’s, dictators ruled Brazil • Brasilia was made the new capital • People were arrested for speaking against the government • Democracy was restored in 1990

21. Assessment • Complete p 319 (1-7)

22. Section 3 Objectives • Students will understand that a variety of ethnic groups have contributed to Brazil’s rich culture • Students will understand that Brazil’s diversified economy depends on manufacturing, agriculture, and trade • Students will understand that Brazil is struggling with environmental problems, such as pollution and rain forest destruction

23. Brazil Today • Almost half of Brazil’s people are of mixed racial ancestry Carnival • Carnival is a festival, including seven days of parades, music, and dance • Carnival is a blend of African and European traditions • It is held before the Christian season of Lent

24. Ethnic Groups • African heritage is strong along Brazil’s northeast coast. This is where enslaved Africans first arrived • Many Native American communities survive in the rain forest • Most of the people in Brazil are Catholic

25. Environmental Issues • The Amazon’s ecosystem is being destroyed because of humans cutting trees and damming rivers for hydroelectric power • The president has imposed fines and has created conservation areas • Brazil is using ethanol, which is a fuel that can be made from sugar cane, order to reduce its independence on petroleum

26. Environmental Issues • Curitiba is considered a green city because of its careful urban planning • Urban planning is the planning of a city • Curitiba has reduced car traffic and trash

27. A Growing Economy • Brazil has a market economy • A market economy is where prices of goods are set by demand not by the government • Brazil’s economy is diversified and has the largest economy in South America

28. A Growing Economy • Brazil has many natural resources, including iron, manganese, tin, oil, natural gas, timber, rubber, diamonds, and gold • Brazil is one of the biggest exporters of coffee along with sugar cane and soybeans • Brazil is part of MERCOSUR

29. Government for the People • The president heads the executive branch • Two houses make of the legislature called National Congress • The highest court is the Federal Supreme Court • Minimum voting ages is 16

30. Government for the People • Poverty is still widespread in Brazil • Many lack housing, education, hospitals, and police and fire protection • President Lula wants to put oil money into social services • Social services are programs that are designed to help the poor DilmaRousseff