Chapter 4 Tissues and Systems: The Inside Story

1. Chapter 4 Tissues and Systems: The Inside Story

2. Multimedia Directory Slide 49 Skin Cancer Video Slide 78 Body Systems Animation Slide 79 Histotechnology Video

3. Introduction Cells are basic building blocks of our bodies Similar cells are organized into tissues that perform similar functions A collection of tissues designed to perform similar or several functions is called an organ Organs that work together to perform major specific activities, often with help of accessory structures, form systems

4. Learning Objectives Explain the relationship between cells, tissues, organs, and systems List and describe the four main types of tissue Identify and describe the various body membranes Differentiate the three main types of muscle tissues

5. Learning Objectives (cont’d) Describe the main components of nerve tissues List and describe the main functions of the body systems Provide general examples of how pathologic conditions can impact on cells, tissues, organs, and body systems

6. Pronunciation Guide Anorexia Atherosclerosis Cuboidal Cutaneous membranes Epithelial tissue Genitourinary Glia Meninges Neuroglia Neurons (an oh REX ee ah) (AATH ur oh sklur OH sis) (cue BOYD al) (cue TAY nee us) (ep ih THEE lee al) (gen I toe YOUR in air EE) (GLEE ah) (men IN jeez) (noo ROH glee ah) (NOO ron) Click on the megaphone icon before each item to hear the pronunciation.

7. Pronunciation Guide (cont’d) Parietal Serous membrane Skeletal muscle Squamous Stratified Striated muscle Synovial membrane Transitional Visceral (pah RYE eh tal) (SEER us) (SKELL eh tal) (SKWAY muss) (STRAT ih fied) (STRY ate ed) (sin OH vee al) (tran ZISH ion al) (VISS er al) Click on the megaphone icon before each item to hear the pronunciation.

8. Tissues Formed when there is collection of similar cells that act together to perform function Imagine cells as bricks, placed in specific pattern to create functional walls, or tissues, of building Four main types: Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous

9. Epithelial Tissue Covers and lines much of body and also covers many of parts found in body Cells are packed tightly together, forming a sheet that usually has no blood vessels in it Further classified by shape, as well as arrangement Flat or scale-like cells: squamous Cube shaped: cuboidal Column-like: columnar

10. Epithelial Tissue (cont’d) If cells are arranged in single layer and are all same type of cell, classified as simple If several layers deep, they are stratified and will be named by type of cell on outer layer Exception is pseudostratified epithelium, which is single layer of cells that looks stratified

11. Figure 4-1Types and locations of epithelial tissues.

12. Membranes Sheet-like structures found throughout body that perform special functions Can be classified as organs Those classified as epithelial membranes possess layer of epithelial tissue and bottom layer of specialized connective tissue

13. Membranes (cont’d) Epithelial membranes can be: Cutaneous Serous Mucous

14. Table 4-1 Types of Epithelial Membranes

15. Figure 4-2Location of serous and mucous membranes.

16. Connective Tissue Most common of tissues, and is found scattered throughout body Found in organs, bones, nerves, muscles, membranes, and skin Holds things together and provides structure and support Can form fine, delicate webs or strong cord-like structures similar to wire cables Included in composition of bones and cartilage, as well as adipose tissue (fat)

17. Figure 4-3Types and locations of connective tissues.

18. Synovial Membrane Membrane type associated with connective tissue Important membrane found in space between bone joints and produces slippery substance called synovial fluid This special fluid greatly reduces friction when joints move

19. Figure 4-4The synovial joint.

20. Muscle Tissue Provides means for movement, by and in our bodies This form of tissue has ability to shorten itself (contractility) Three types: Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

21. Skeletal Muscle Called striated because of striped appearance Attached to bones; causes movement by contracting and relaxing Often found around openings in body, such as mouth, where it controls size of opening Long, fiber-like cells with many nuclei in each cell

22. Skeletal Muscle (cont’d) Brain controls muscle contraction and relaxation; because these muscles are controlled consciously, they are called voluntary muscles

23. Cardiac Muscle Found in walls of heart Heart beats without us having to think about it, so muscle type considered involuntary muscle Cells within tissue interlock with each other; makes for more efficient contraction

24. Smooth Muscles Forms walls of hollow organs such as in digestive system (often called visceral tissue) and blood vessels We don’t control these muscles with thoughts, so they are also involuntary muscles Cells within tissue not as long and fibrous as skeletal muscles and each has only one nucleus

25. Figure 4-5Labeled diagram and flowchart of the three muscle tissue types.

26. Nervous Tissue Acts as rapid messenger service for body; messages can cause actions to occur; two types: Neurons: conduction of information Dendrites: branch-like formations on neurons that receive sensory information Axon: trunk-shaped structure that transports information away from cell body Glia (or neuroglia): support and connection cells

27. Nervous Tissue (cont’d) Membranes that cover brain and spinal cord called meninges Many nerves have insulating layer called myelin sheath

28. Figure 4-6 The two main types of nerve cells.

29. Meningitis Inflammation of meninges (membranes that cover brain and spinal cord); caused by bacteria or virus Bacterial form can spread via droplets from sneezing or coughing; can also spread through contact with saliva of infected person; college students and military personnel in crowded situations at higher risk

30. Meningitis (cont’d) Once infected, you become carrier of disease Only some people who become carriers will develop disease In others, immune system actually destroys and removes pathogen before illness develops

31. Meningitis (cont’d) Symptoms Non-specific headaches Fever Nausea Neck stiffness Skin rash Hearing loss Neurologic/ brain damage Kidney failure

32. Meningitis (cont’d) Bacterial form has approximately 10% fatality rate Vaccine available for prevention Does not protect against all pathogens that can cause meningitis Has been associated with adverse reactions, including headaches, dizziness, vomiting, convulsions, and even death

33. Meningitis (cont’d) Right now, vaccine not mandatory for high-risk groups; individuals should weigh risks and benefits in deciding if they would like to be vaccinated

34. Table 4-2 Universally Recommended Vaccinations

35. Pathology Connection: Blood Sugar and Tissue Damage Diabetes (and associated high blood sugar) can cause damage to body tissues Since glucose cannot be moved inside body cells, cells must burn fats and proteins in body for energy As body uses up protein, tissues start to break down, becomes difficult to produce more tissue With impaired tissue production, wounds become more difficult to heal, and infections become harder to fight

36. Pathology Connection: Blood Sugar and Tissue Damage (cont’d) Lipids released from fat so that cell can burn lipids for energy Lipids can deposit around inside walls of blood vessels (atherosclerosis develops) Deposits cause impaired blood flow to tissues Together, tissue break down, deficient blood flow, and impaired wound healing mean that diabetics prone to tissue death and gangrene; can lead to loss of toes, feet, and even legs

37. Organs Result of two or more types of tissues organizing in such a way as to accomplish something that tissues cannot do on their own Some occur singly and some in pairs Vital ones are those you can’t live without Others, like spleen, appendix, or gallbladder, can be removed without causing problems Work as part of a system

38. Table 4-3 Systems and Organs of the Human Body

39. Table 4-3 (continued) Systems and Organs of the Human Body

40. Systems Formed by organs that work together to accomplish something more complex than what single organ can do on its own Each is interrelated, often depending on each other for proper functioning of body

41. Skeletal System Functions Provides support and structure for body Protects organs Provides movement Stores variety of minerals Main components Bones Joints Ligaments Cartilage

42. Figure 4-7 The skeletal system.

43. Muscular System Voluntary muscles Movement created by conscious thought, like scratching your nose Skeletal muscles attached to bones Involuntary muscles Perform without conscious thought Classified as smooth or cardiac muscle Found in blood vessels, airways, and organs

44. Muscular System (cont’d) External muscles attached to bones and help with movement; internal muscles found inside body, like those that allow you to swallow

45. Figure 4-8 The muscular system.

46. Integumentary System Includes skin (body’s first line of protection) Regulates temperature through sweating, shivering, and changes in diameter of blood vessels in skin Sensory information received from outside world (heat, cold, pain, pressure, etc.) comes from sensors in skin

47. Integumentary System (cont’d) Glands in skin help lubricate and waterproof skin, and inhibit growth of unwanted bacteria Main components of system: skin, hair, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and nails

48. Figure 4-9The integumentary system.

49. Skin Cancer Video Click here to view a video on the topic of skin cancer. Back to Directory

50. Nervous System Sends and receives messages, stimulated by body’s internal and external environments, affecting how we perceive world and protecting us from harm Conscious sensations occur as result of stimulation of our sensory receptors