Funded under the European Commission Seventh Framework Programme Contract Number: 244031

1. Climate change integrated assessment methodology for cross-sectoral adaptation and vulnerability in Europe Adaptation and mitigation: cross-sectoral synergies and conflicts For further information contact Pam Berry (email: Pam.Berry@eci.ox.ac.uk) or visit the project website (www.climsave.eu) Funded under the European Commission Seventh Framework Programme Contract Number: 244031

2. Adaptation and mitigation - definitions • Adaptation - an action which avoids the unwanted impacts of climate change (Convention on Biological Diversity, 2005). • Mitigation - any action which reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and/or protects or promotes carbon sinks.

3. Literature review methodology

4. Coastal keyword search

5. Cross-sectoral interactions Direct impacts that adaptation and mitigation measures in a given sector have on another sector. These may be: • Neutral, e.g. white topping, passive ventilation; • Positive, e.g. Altenheimpolder, Rhine - benefited water, agriculture and biodiversity; • Negative, e.g. afforestation decreasing water availability; • Mixed, e.g. green roofs. Morris et al., 2004

6. Interactions between water and other sectors

7. Synergies in adaptation and mitigation measures

8. Examples of synergies • In the same sector, e.g. conservation agriculture and drought resilience. • In different sectors, e.g. restoration of degraded peatland or flood plains – benefits for flood management, biodiversity and carbon sequestration. Morris et al. (2004)

9. Conflicts in adaptation and mitigation measures

10. Examples of conflicts • In the same sector, e.g. wetland creation can increase GHG emissions. • Between sectors, e.g. earlier sowing dates can increase irrigation water demand but avoid high summer temperatures.

11. Trade-offs in adaptation and mitigation measures Trade-offs can be between: • Adaptation and negative impacts, e.g. new crop genes and yield/stress tolerance; irrigation and public water supply/environmental protection. • Mitigation and negative impacts, e.g. carbon sequestration through afforestation and consequent land use change. • Adaptation and mitigation, e.g. desalinisation (adaptation) and energy used (mitigation).

12. Example of coastal trade-offs e.g. between managed re-alignment and: • habitats and protected areas; • agriculture; • urban areas. Wallasea Island (courtesy of RSPB)

13. Opportunities for cross-sectoral mainstreaming of adaptation and mitigation • Habitat restoration/re-creation, e.g. forests, coastal realignment, urban green infrastructure, some agri-environment schemes, water storage, C sequestration, can increase landscape connectivity for biodiversity. • Manage protected areas where possible to enhance adaptation and mitigation, e.g. water storage, C sequestration. • Use networks/corridors to provide adaptation for other sectors and mitigation.

14. Conclusions • There is a lack of evidence and explicit recognition of synergies and conflicts. • CLIMSAVE has identified a number of synergies and conflicts, many of which involve biodiversity and water. • There are opportunities for mainstreaming cross-sectoral impacts and synergies of adaptation and mitigation measures. • Biodiversity and water could be exemplars, given their multiple cross-sectoral linkages. • The challenge is to enhance the turning of evident cross-sectoral opportunities into realities.