Managing Peace and Security

1. CHAPTER 6 Managing Peace and Security Deterrence and Diplomacy How does Singapore manage conflict and ensure national security?

2. Methods of Handling Conflicts • Countries can adopt various strategies to strengthen themselves and maintain peace • Strategies: • Deterrence • Diplomacy

3. Singapore’s Plan… Deterrence supported by Diplomacy Measures taken to prevent & protect themselves from threats Management or the conducting of relations with different countries

4. In this lesson, you will learn about: • How Singapore manage conflict and ensure national security by using deterrence • What is deterrence • Forms of deterrence

5. DETERRENCE • Refers to the measures taken by countries to prevent and protect themselves from threats • Threats can come from other countries or even non-state aggressors like terrorists • Some measures to deter aggressors: • Maintaining military installations • Carrying out military exercises • Installing CCTV camera at train stations • Sharing information among countries

6. WHY IS DETERRENCE IMPORTANT? • To be militarily self-reliant • To give people a sense of security & attract foreign investors

7. SINGAPORE AND ITS USE OF DETERRENCE • 1.      A Citizen Armed Forces • Why does Singapore use citizen armed forces instead of a professional army? • In 1965 Singapore had a population of less than 2 million and manpower was needed in factories and industries • Insufficient funds to support a professional army • Therefore, National service was introduced in 1967

8. How did Singapore develop its citizen armed forces? • Introduced NS in 1967 • All 18 year old able-bodied male citizens were called for part-time or full-time NS • After completing NS, the men undergo reservist training

9. Role of National Service (NS) in nation-building • Bonds young men of different background with a common experience • Promotes social integration and social harmony • Builds up loyalty in men

10. SINGAPORE ARMED FORCES (Army, Airforce, Navy) • A fighting fit army in reserve, ready to defend • Therefore, increase in military might of Singapore

11. 2. 3RD GENERATION SINGAPORE ARMED FORCES • A project started by SAF with research institutes of the Ministry of Defence and local universities • Maximising of defensive capabilities through modern technology • Aims to create a intelligent defence force where the Army, Airforce and Navy operate together to provide early information which would destroy the enemy before they reach us

12. 3. Singapore’s Defence Industry • Consists of: • The Chartered Industries of Singapore (CIS) • The Defence Science and Technology Agency (DSTA) • Responsibilities of defence industry: • Builds up the fighting capabilities of the SAF by: • Buying, upgrading and developing weapons • Produces ammunition • Conducts R & D with other countries and local tertiary institutions

13. Reasons Singapore produces its own weapons: • Shortage of equipment and weapons in the early years • Unsuitability of imported weapons and military equipment for Singapore’s needs • Cheaper to produce weapons than to buy them • Reluctanceof countries to share their defence technology • Advantages of producing own weapons: • saves cost • military is well equipped

14. 4. Total Defence • Introduced in 1984 to involve everyone in the defence of the country • Deter potential aggressors by showing that all Singaporeans are prepared for defence in all areas

15. Total Defence • Civil Defence • Know what to do during emergencies • Economic defence • -Building a strong economy that will not break down • during times of war • Social defence • -Singaporeans of all races and religions together • Psychological defence • -Being loyal to Singapore and having the mental strength to overcome difficulties • Military Defence • -Deter aggression

16. 5. Multi-agency co-ordination on security • National Security Coordination Secretariat (NSCS) set up to coordinate the Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Home Affairs and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to: • Plan national security and policies • Combat terror threats

17. 6. Military Co-operation with other countries (a) Bilateral defence agreements and exercises • Singapore has military agreements with various countries to allow Singapore troops in train in their countries – France, Australia, New Zealand, India, Taiwan, Brunei • Singapore conducts military training with neighbouring countries – Indonesia, Malaysia • Exercises increase co-operation and strengthen ties among participating countries

18. (b) Multi-lateral defence agreements and exercises • Singapore – a member of the Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA) formed in 1971 to preserve peace in the region • The four other members are Australia, Britain, New Zealand and Malaysia • In the event of an external threat to Singapore or Malaysia, the members are to consult one another on the appropriate measures to be taken

19. Conclusion • A citizen armed force • 3rd generation Singapore Armed Forces • Singapore’s defence industry • Total Defence • Multi-agency coordination on security • Military co-operation with other countries - Bilateral military agreements & exercises - Multi-lateral military agreements & exercises

20. Conclusion:Deterrence is practised by Singapore in the following ways • A citizen armed force • 3rd generation Singapore Armed Forces • Singapore’s defence industry • Total Defence • Multi-agency coordination on security • Military co-operation with other countries - Bilateral military agreements and exercises - Multi-lateral military agreements and exercises