United States Imperialism 1890-1914

1. United States Imperialism1890-1914

2. United States not part of European Imperialism during 1800’s • U.S still expansionist during 1800’s • Monroe Doctrine (1823) • “54/40 or Fight”-Oregon Territory (1844) • Mexican-American War (1846-1848) • Ostend Manifesto (1854)- U.S. desire to purchase Cuba • 1867-Purchase of Alaska for $7.2 million- “Seward’s Folly” “Seward’s Icebox”

3. Why did the United States want to sell their products overseas? • Alfred T. Mahan- The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890) • Nations need a strong navy for protection and overseas trade • 1890 Census- entire frontier has been settled • Mahan-Americans need to look outward • Social Darwinism • Senator Albert Beveridge- “March of the Flag”

4. American imperialism in 1890’s in part due to “yellow press” • William Randolph Hearst New York Journal and Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World • Extreme Patriotism or jingoism

5. Spanish American War (1898) • Origins of war are in Cuba • Cuban revolt against Spain 1868-1878 • Independence movement resumed in 1895 • Newspaper reports of suffering caused by Spain rounding up civilians and moving them into detention camps • Cuban struggle gains support in U.S. • De Lome letter (1898) • American battleship Maine destroyed by an explosion in February 1898 at Havana Harbor-270 deaths

6. Yellow Press blames Spain • Spain rejects call for cease fire on island • President McKinley asks and get a declaration of war • Teller Amendment- U.S. would not annex or dominate island • Philippine Islands • U.S. interested in Spanish territory here • First shots of the war fired in the Philippines

7. San Juan Hill • Teddy Roosevelt and his Rough Riders • Roosevelt resigned as assistant secretary of the navy and started Rough Riders • RR reach top of San Juan Hill • TR becomes a national hero • Became governor of N.Y. and in 1900 VP of the U.S.

8. Territorial Gains from the War • July 1898-U.S. annexed Hawaiian Islands • Treaty to end Spanish-American War caused a division in Congress between pro and anti imperialist Congressmen • U.S. acquired Philippines, Puerto Rico, and island of Guam • U.S. recognizes Cuba but passes the Platt Amendment-US could intervene military when necessary • Permanent lease on naval stations in Cuba (Guatana´namo Bay)

9. Open Door Policy in China • 1800s-European Nations-Spheres of Influence • U.S. wants to trade in China • 1899-Secretary of State John Jay • Diplomatic note sent to China and European countries with SOI in China • Requests equal trading privileges • Boxer Rebellion (1900) • Hay sent second note in 1900

10. Boxer Rebellion (1900)

11. Teddy Roosevelt“Speak softly and carry a Big Stick” • Wants to build Panama Canal • Panama still part of Colombia • U.S. supports revolution in Panama • After revolution, U.S. has exclusive rights to canal zone • Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901) • U.S. sole control of building and operating canal

12. Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine • Some Latin American countries can’t pay their debt • Countries owe this debt to European Nations • RC-U.S. would intervene militarily • U.S. would collect money and send to Europe • Between 1902 and 1922, U.S intervened in Haiti, Honduras, Dominican Republic, and Nicaragua

13. Treaty of Portsmouth (1905) • “Gentlemen’s Agreement” (1908) • Great White Fleet (1907-1909)

14. Dollar Diplomacy • President William Howard Taft • Foreign Investment rather than military strength • Railroad building in China

15. Moral Diplomacy • President Woodrow Wilson • The Philipines • Puerto Rico • Panama Canal