Unit 3 Body Systems- Nervous, Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Blood

1. Unit 3Body Systems- Nervous, Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Blood Kelly Schwartz BSN, RN Online Instructor Missouri College Chapters 10-13 The Language of Medicine- Davi-Ellen Chabner

2. CHAPTER 10 Nervous System

3. Chapter 10Nervous System Objectives: • Name the organs of the nervous system and describe their location and functions. • Define the medical terms related to the nervous system. • Describe conditions and diseases associated with the nervous system.

4. Functions of the Nervous System • Coordinates all that we do! • consciously and voluntarily • unconsciously and involuntarily 10 billion nerve cells

5. General Structure of the Nervous System Two major divisions: • Central nervous system—CNS • Brain • Spinal cord • Peripheral nervous system—PNS • Cranial nerves- extend from the brain • Spinal nerves- extend from the spinal cord • Plexuses • Peripheral nerves throughout the body

6. Nerves Nerve cell is called a neuron. Neurons bunched together are called nerves. Neurons carry electrical impulses (messages to and from the brain and spinal cord)

7. Central Nervous SystemCNS The Brain

8. Central Nervous System CNS The Spinal Cord

9. Peripheral Nervous SystemPNS Includes all neural tissue outside of the CNS Cranial nerves carry impulses between the brain and the head and neck. Spinal nerves carry impulses between the spinal cord and the chest, abdomen, and extremities. Autonomic nerves function involuntary or automatically- from CNS to the glands, heart, organs. Sympathetic nerves- times of stress or crisis. Parasympathetic nerves- act as a balance. “Fight or flight”

10. Terms Related to theNervous System Word Part Meaning • -algia pain • cerebell/o cerebellum • cerebr/o cerebrum • dur/odura mater • encephal/o brain • esthesi/o, -esthesia feeling, nervous sensation • gli/oglial cells • kines/o, -kinesia movement • -lepsy seizure • mening/o membrane, meninges • my/o muscle • myel/o spinal cord

11. Terms Related to theNervous System Word Part Meaning • neur/onerve • -phasiaspeech • -plegiaparalysis

12. Pathology • Alzheimer’s Disease Brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration (dementia), personality changes, and impairment of daily functioning • Spina Bifida Congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts • Epilepsy Chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity • Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) Disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain- Stroke

13. CHAPTER 11 Cardiovascular System

14. Chapter 11 Cardiovascular System Objectives: • Name the organs of the cardiovascular system and describe their location and functions. • Define the medical terms related to the cardiovascular system. • Describe conditions and diseases associated with the cardiovascular system.

15. Main Functions of the Cardiovascular System • Delivers oxygen and nutrients to all the cells of the body

16. Organs of the Cardiovascular System • Heart • Blood Vessels

17. Organs of the Cardiovascular System • Heart • Heart Valves • Tricuspid valve (cusps are flaps of the valves): between the right atrium and right ventricle • Pulmonary valve: between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery • Mitral valve: between the left atrium and left ventricle • Aortic valve: between the left atrium and aorta

18. Blood Vessels and the Circulation of Blood • Arteries are the vessels that lead away from the heart. • Veins have thinner walls than arteries and move deoxygenated blood toward the heart from the tissues. • Capillaries are the smallest vessels. They form the point of exchange for oxygen and nutrients into body cells and waste products coming from body cells.

19. Pathway of Blood Through the Heart

20. How the Heart Beats • Conduction pathway • Pacemaker • Purkinje fibers • Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)- The record used to detect electrical changes in heart muscle as the heart beats.

21. Blood Pressure and Pulse • Blood pressure: The force that blood exerts on arterial walls • Measured using a sphygmomanometer • Expressed as a fraction: systolic pressure/diastolic pressure • Example: 120/80 mm Hg • Hypertension (high blood pressure): when BP > 140/90 mm Hg • Pulse: Is the beat of the heart as felt through the walls of arteries Normal heart rate: 60-100 beats/minute Tachycardia: Fast heart rate Bradycardia: Slow heart rate

22. Terms Related to theCardiovascular System • angi/o vessel • aort/o aorta • arter/o artery • arteri/o artery • ather/o yellowish plaque • atri/o atrium Combining Form Meaning

23. Terms Related to theCardiovascular System Combining Form Meaning • brachi/o arm • cardi/o heart • cholesterol/o cholesterol • coron/o heart • cyan/o blue

24. Terms Related to theCardiovascular System Combining Form Meaning • ox/o oxygen • pericardi/o pericardium • phleb/o vein • sphygm/o pulse • steth/o chest • thromb/o clot

25. Terms Related to theCardiovascular System Combining Form Meaning • valvul/o valve • valv/o valve • vas/o vessel • vascul/o vessel • ven/o, vein • ventricul/o ventricle

26. Pathology • Myocardial Infarction (MI) Occlusion of the coronary arteries leading to death of the heart muscle • Arrhythmias Abnormal heart rhythms- problem with electrical system of the heart • Aneurysm Local widening (dilation) of an arterial wall • Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP) Improper closure of the mitral valve

27. CHAPTER 12 Respiratory System

28. Chapter 12 Respiratory System Objectives: • Name the organs of the respiratory system and describe their location and functions. • Define the medical terms related to the respiratory system. • Describe conditions and diseases associated with the respiratory system.

29. Main Function of the Respiratory System The respiratory system's primary function is the process of respiration: taking in oxygen (inhalation) and giving off carbon dioxide (exhalation)

30. Organs of the Respiratory System

31. Respiratory Flow Chart

32. Terms Related to theRespiratory System • adenoid/o adenoids • alveol/o alveolus, air sac • bronch/o bronchial tube • bronchi/o bronchus • bronchiol/o bronchiole, small bronchus • capn/o carbon dioxide Combining Form Meaning

33. Terms Related to theRespiratory System • coni/o dust • cyan/o blue • epiglott/o epiglottis • laryng/o larynx, voice box • lob/o lobe of the lung • mediastin/o mediastinum Combining Form Meaning

34. Terms Related to theRespiratory System • nas/o nose • orth/o straight, upright • ox/o oxygen • pector/o chest • pharyng/o pharynx, throat • phon/o voice Combining Form Meaning

35. Terms Related to theRespiratory System • phren/o diaphragm • pleur/o pleura • pneum/o air, lung • pneumon/o lung • pulmon/o lung • rhin/o nose Combining Form Meaning

36. Terms Related to theRespiratory System • sinus/o sinus cavity • spir/o breathing • tel/o complete • thorac/o chest • tonsill/o tonsils • trache/o trachea, windpipe Combining Form Meaning

37. Terms Related to theRespiratory System -ema condition -osmia smell -pnea breathing -ptysis spitting -sphyxia pulse -thorax pleural cavity, chest Suffix Meaning

38. Pathology • Croup Acute viral infection of infants and children with obstruction of the larynx, accompanied by a barking cough and stridor • Bronchiectasis Chronic dilation of a bronchus secondary to infection • Pulmonary Edema Fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles • Asthma Chronic bronchial inflammatory disorder with airway obstruction due to bronchial edema and constriction and increased mucus production

39. CHAPTER 13 Blood System

40. Chapter 13Blood System Objectives: • Name and describe the components of blood. • Differentiate between the different type of blood groups. • Define the medical terms related to the blood system. • Describe conditions and diseases associated with the blood system.

41. Main Functions of the Blood System Blood:transports nutrients, gases, and wastes to and from the cells of the body Other transported items: • Chemical messengers • Blood proteins, white blood cells, and platelets

42. Chapter 13Blood System Blood consists of plasma and formed elements- • Plasma- liquid portion of blood • Formed elements- solid portion of the blood RBC’s- Red blood cells Platelets WBC’s- White blood cells

43. For example, patients with type A blood have the A antigen on the surface of their red cells.  As a result, anti-A antibodies will not be produced by their body because they would cause the destruction of their own blood.  However, if B type blood is injected into their systems, anti-B antibodies in their plasma will recognize it as alien (foreign) and burst or agglutinate (clump together) the introduced red cells in order to cleanse the blood of alien protein. clogging the blood vessels and preventing blood from flowing into various parts of the body.

44. Blood Types Type A: A antigen and anti-B antibody Type B: B antigen and anti-A antibody Type AB: A and B antigens and no antibodies (universal recipient) Type O: no A or B antigens and both anti-A and anti-B antibodies (universal donor) Rh factor (positive and negative)

45. Blood-typing systems: ABO and Rh Factor • ABO System: Presence or absence of specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells to identify blood groups. Type A- When type A antigen is present, the blood group is type A. Type B- When type B antigen is present, the blood group is type B. Type AB- When both A and B antigen is present the blood group is type AB. Type O- When neither A nor B antigens are present, the blood group is type O. Antibodies that react against the A and B antigens are naturally present in the plasma of patients whose red blood cells do not carry the antigen. These antibodies react against the foreign antigens. Patients with type A blood have anti-B antibodies= they can receive type A and type O blood. Patients with type B blood have anti A antibodies= they can receive type B and type O blood. Patients with type AB blood have neither antibody= they can receive all blood types. Patients with type O blood have both A and B antibodies= they can only receive type O blood. • Rh System: D antigen is present- patient is Rh + (positive). D antigen is absent- patient is Rh – (negative).

46. Blood Transfusion Reaction • If the recipient and the donor have exactly the same type of blood, the transfusion will not cause a reaction. The problem occurs when proteins called antibodies in the recipient's blood match another type of proteins called antigens in the donor's blood. The donor's red blood cells clump or agglutinate in the recipient's body, clogging the blood vessels and preventing blood from flowing into various parts of the body. • This can be FATAL!!

47. Terms of the Blood System Combining Form Meaning • bas/o base • chrom/o color • coagul/o clotting • cyt/o cell • erythr/o red • granul/ogranules • hem/o blood • hemat/o blood

48. Terms of the Blood System Combining Form Meaning • leuk/o white • mon/o one, single • morph/o shape, form • myel/o bone marrow • neutr/o neutral • nucle/o nucleus

49. Terms of the Blood System • phag/o eat, swallow • sider/o iron • spher/o globe, round • thromb/o clot Combining Form Meaning

50. Terms of the Blood System • -apheresis removal • -blast embryonic/ immature cell • -cyte cell • -cytosis condition of cells • -emia blood condition • -gen substance that produces • -globin protein • -globulin protein • -lytic reducing/destroying/ separating/breakdown • -oid resembling • -osis abnormal condition • -penia deficiency • -phage eat/swallow • -philia attraction for • -phoresis carrying/transmission • -poiesis formation • -stasis stopping/controlling Suffix Meaning Suffix Meaning