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The Skeletal System

The Skeletal System. By: Mika Topitzes and Rachel Tillman. Unit Target:. Describe the living and non living components of bone and the role bones play in carrying out life’s functions. Learning Target :

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The Skeletal System

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  1. The Skeletal System By: Mika Topitzesand Rachel Tillman

  2. Unit Target: Describe the living and non living components of bone and the role bones play in carrying out life’s functions.

  3. Learning Target: Identify the structures of bone tissue and know the function of each structure. (knowledge)

  4. Bone Cells • Osteoprogenitors • Osteoblasts • Osteocytes • Osteoclasts • A. Maintain the matrix, they live in small spaces in the matrix called lacunae • B. Make the extracellular matrix and differentiate into ostecytes • C. Are the stem cells of bone, these cell differentiate into osteoblasts • D. Secrete acid that breaks down mineralized matrix. When ostoclasts break down the matrix the are is invaded by osteoblasts

  5. Bone Tissue • 1. Compact bone • 2.spongy bone • 3.Hyaline Cartilage • 4.Fibrocartilage • A. Stores red bone marrow • B. Cushions • C. Provides strength • D. Important for bone growth, protect ends of bones

  6. Bone Tissue • 1. Dense Connective • 2. Blood • 3. Nervous • A. Sends and receives messages • B. Allows tendons and ligaments to attach to bone • C. Brings nutrients and removes waste

  7. Compact Bone • 1. • Canaliculi Central Canal • 2. • Osteocyte • in Lacunae • 3. • 4. • Lamella • Word Bank • Cental Canal, Canaliculi, Lamella, Ostocyte in Lacunae

  8. Learning Target: Classify the various types of bones. (skill)

  9. Types of Bone • 1. Flat • 2. Long • 3. Short • 4. Irregular • 5. Sesamoid • A. Block-like where length, width and height are almost equal • B. Longer than wide, with growth plates are either end • C. Small bones embedded within tendons and adjacent to joints • D. Have broad, flat surfaces and are often compared to a plate of armor • E. Variety of shapes with many projections

  10. Word Bank:Flat, Sesamoid, Short, Irregular, Long 1. 2. Long Bone 4. Short Bone 3. 5. Flat Bone Irregular Bone Sesamoid Bone

  11. Learning Target: Determine the function of the structures of a long bone. (reasoning)

  12. Structures of a Long Bone • 1. Articular Cartilage • 2. Spongy Bone • 3. Compact Bone • 4. Medullary Cavity • 5. Yellow Marrow • A. Strength • B. Fat Storage • C. Protection • D. Passageway • E. Cite of blood cell production

  13. Learning Target: Diagram a long bone. (skill)

  14. 7. 1. 8. 2. Word Bank: Proximal Epiphysis, Compact Bone, Spongy Bone, Medullary Cavity, Yellow Marrow, Periosteum, Articular Cartilage, Diaphysis, Distal Epiphysis 9. 3. 4. 5. 6. 10.

  15. Learning Target: Explain how bones grow, develop and undergo repair. (reasoning)

  16. Which of the following is not true about embryonic bone? a. the femur of an embryo would be initially formed form cartilage b. the bones of the skull are initially formed of unspecialized connective tissue c. osteoblasts are important in bone tissue formation d. bone formation is complete at the time of delivery

  17. Word Bank:endosteum, diameter, epiphyseal plates,osteoblast, medullary, • Lengthwise growth of long bones occurs in cartilage structures called epiphyseal plates. • As your bones lengthen, they must also increase in diameter. -they do this by increasing osteoblast activity in the periosteum. -they must also increase the diameter of their medullary cavity. -they do this by increasing osteoclast activity in the endosteum.

  18. When do bones cease to lengthen? a. Once the ossification centers of the diaphysis and epiphysis meet, ossifying the plates b. After Mrs. Cerletty breaks your arm c. When a secondary ossification cite appears in the epiphysis and spongy bones

  19. Billy fractured his leg ballet dancing, which type of bone cell would be responsible for replacing his bone tissue? (ostoblasts/osteocytes) • (Osteoprogenitors/ osteoclasts) are stem cells of bone that cause Jake to rapidly grow through his teenage years. • Osteoperosis is a disease where solid mineral that makes up bone is breaking down faster than its being replaced (osteoclasts/osteoprogenitors) are responsible for this.

  20. Bone Diseases • 1. Osteoperosis • 2. Sarcoma • 3. Osteomyelitis • 4. Osteomalacia • A. Bone tumor • B. Soft bones/ weak bones • C. Bone becomes thinner and worn out, breaking down faster than formed • D. Infection of a bone

  21. Truth or Baloney simple B • _____Compound fractures remain beneath the skin while a simple fractures project above the skin. compound

  22. Bone Repair • 1. One hour • 2. Several days • 3. One to two weeks • 4. Two to three months • A. Soft, spongy bone deposits into callus; blood vessels heal • B. Rapidly forms a clot • C. Fibroclasts form a callus which replaces clot • D. Compact bone replaces callus

  23. Learning Target: State the function of skeletal sections. (knowledge)

  24. Truth or Baloney • T the function of the skull is to protect the brain. • B the only bone of the skeleton that does articulate is the hyoid bone. does NOT

  25. Truth or Baloney • Bthe function of the vertebral column is to support the tongue. • Tthe function of the thoracic cage is to protect upper thoracic and upper abdominal organs. • Bthe function of the appendages of the skeleton is protection. protect the spinal cord movement

  26. Truth or Baloney • Tboth the axis and atlas lack a spine. • Bthe axis lacks a body. • T the axis contains a modified body (dens) which rotates with the atlas, allowing the head to nod “no”. atlas The atlas

  27. Ribs • 1. True Ribs • 2. False Ribs • 3. Floating Ribs • A. 8-10 attached through their costal cartilages to the rib above • B. 11-12 no cartilaginous attachments to the sternum • C. upper 7 pairs, attached directly to the sternum through their costal cartilage

  28. Male or Female • F Which pelvis has a more flexible coccyx? • M Which pelvis has a smaller pubic arch? • M Which pelvis has a more funnel shaped cavity?

  29. Truth or Baloney • TGirdle means to surround. • BThe function of the pectoral girdle is movement. • TThe function of the pelvic girdle is to connect lower limbs to axial skeleton. connects upper limbs to axial skeleton

  30. What is the longest and largest bone in the body? • Humerus • Femur • Radius • Skull

  31. Learning Target: Distinguish between the axial and appendicular skeleton (reasoning)

  32. Mandible Tarsal Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton Malleus Radius Coccyx Tibia Rib Phalanx Word Bank: Malleus, Rib, Phalanx, Tibia, Coccyx, Tarsal, Radius, Madible

  33. Learning Target: Identify the surface markings on bones. (skill)

  34. Appendicular or Axial? 2. Process Word Bank: Depression Cavity, Joint, Process 1. Cavity

  35. Appendicular or Axial 2. Process 1. Word Bank: Depression Cavity, Joint, Process Depression

  36. Appendicular or Axial 1. Word Bank: Depression Cavity, Joint, Process Cavity 2. Process

  37. Appendicular or Axial Joint Word Bank: Depression Cavity, Joint, Process

  38. Learning Target: Identify the individual bones that make up the human skeleton . (skill)

  39. Word Bank: • Tarsals • Hip Bone (Coxal) • Cranium • Sternum • Patella • Hyoid Bone • Carpals • Skull • Phalanges • Facial • Clavicle • Metatarsals • Ribs • Maracarpals • Vertebral Column • Phalanges 1. Cranium 2. Facial 3. Skull 4. Hyoid Bone (The Hyoid bone is disarticulated!) 5. Clavicle 6.Sternum 7. Ribs 8. Vertebral Column 9. Hip Bone (Coxal) 10. Carpals 11. Metacarpal 12. Phalanges 13. Patella 14. Tarsals 15. Metatarsals 16. Phalanges

  40. 1. Vertebral Column 2. Scapula 3. Humerus 4. Radius 6. Sacrum 5. Ulna 7. Coccyx 8. Femur 9. Tibia 10. Fibula Word Bank: Vertebral Column, Humerus, Coccyx, Femur, Scapula, Fibula, Radius, Saccrum, Ulna, Tibia

  41. Word Bank: External Auditory Meatus, Styloid Process, Mastoid Process, Foramen Magnum Styloid Process Foramen Magnum Mastoid Process 3. 2. 1. 4. External Auditory Meatus

  42. Word Bank:Acromium Process, Coracoid Process, Glenoid Cavity 1. Coracoid Process 2. Acromium Process 3. Glenoid Cavity

  43. Learning Target: Define articulation (knowledge)

  44. Articulation: a joint or juncture between bones or cartilages in the skeleton of a vertebrate.

  45. Learning Target: List three classes of joints, describe their characteristics and name an example of each (reasoning)

  46. Movement of Structural Joints • 1. Fibrous • 2. Cartilaginous • 3. Synovial • A. Freely moveable (sutures of the skull) • B. Little to no movement (intervertebral discs) • C. Slightly moveable (knee)

  47. Structural Joint Tissue • 1. Fibrous • 2. Cartilaginous • 3. Synovial • A. Made of hyaline or fibrocartilage • B. Made of dense connective tissue • C. Very complex, made of hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue

  48. Joints • Which type of joint is most likely to dislocate? • Fibrous • Synovial • Cartilaginous • Clavicle • Why? Because synovial joints allow for the most movement therefore are more likely to dislocate.

  49. Learning Target: Identify types of joint movements. (skill)

  50. Synovial Joint Movements • 1. Condyloid • 2. Hinge • 3. Saddle • A. Allows extension and flexion (knee and elbow) • B. Allows movement back and forth and up and down (carpals and metacarpals) • C. No socket, less radial movement than ball and socket (wrist)

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